NSGA 142 Final Exam Study Guide With
Complete Solutions
Crowded living conditions - ANSWER Increase the transmission of
communicable diseases.
Implicit bias - ANSWER Unconscious assumptions influencing decision making,
such as assuming non-compliance based on appearance.
Cephalocaudal development - ANSWER Developmental pattern where growth
occurs from head to toe.
Proximodistal development - ANSWER Developmental pattern where growth
occurs from the center of the body outward.
Piaget's Sensorimotor stage - ANSWER Birth to 2 years; learns via senses and
movement; object permanence by ~8 months.
Erikson's Trust vs Mistrust - ANSWER Infant stage where consistent caregiving
builds trust.
Psychosocial - ANSWER Loss of roles, isolation → depression risk. Encourage
purpose, activity, social ties.
Wellness Checkups Across Lifespan - ANSWER Infant: immunizations, growth
monitoring, developmental milestones.
School-age/adolescent checkups - ANSWER Dental care, hearing/vision, risk
counseling.
Adult checkups - ANSWER BP, cholesterol, diabetes, cancer screenings.
Older adult checkups - ANSWER Fall risk, cognitive screening, med
reconciliation.
Veracity - ANSWER Tell the truth; honesty builds trust, even when news is bad.
Fidelity - ANSWER Keep promises; follow through on what you say you'll do.
, Code of Ethics for Nurses - ANSWER Upholds advocacy, accountability,
responsibility, and confidentiality.
Correcting Documentation Mistakes - ANSWER If you make a mistake → single
line through entry, "error," initials, correct entry.
Pain Assessment - ANSWER Pain is whatever the patient says it is.
Referred Pain - ANSWER Felt in an area distant from origin (e.g., shoulder pain
from gallbladder).
PQRST Mnemonic - ANSWER P - Provokes, Q - Quality, R - Region/Radiation, S -
Severity, T - Timing.
Incontinence or urgency - ANSWER A condition characterized by the involuntary
loss of urine or a strong, sudden need to urinate.
Orthostatic hypotension - ANSWER A form of low blood pressure that happens
when standing up from sitting or lying down.
Cognitive impairment - ANSWER A decline in memory, thinking skills, and ability
to perform everyday activities.
Extrinsic (environmental) fall risk factors - ANSWER Conditions in the
environment that increase the risk of falling, such as clutter and poor lighting.
Fall Risk Assessment - ANSWER The process of evaluating a patient's risk of
falling using standardized tools like the Morse Fall Scale.
Home Safety for Older Adults - ANSWER Measures taken to ensure a safe living
environment for older adults, including removing throw rugs and installing grab
bars.
Body Mechanics & Safe Patient Handling - ANSWER Techniques to safely lift and
move patients, including using a wide stance and keeping objects close to the
body.
Patient Positioning & Transfers - ANSWER The practice of placing patients in
specific positions to improve comfort and safety during care.
Fowler's position - ANSWER A seated position where the patient is at a 45-60°
angle, improving ventilation and eating.
Semi-Fowler's position - ANSWER A position where the patient is at a 30° angle,
reducing aspiration risk.
Complete Solutions
Crowded living conditions - ANSWER Increase the transmission of
communicable diseases.
Implicit bias - ANSWER Unconscious assumptions influencing decision making,
such as assuming non-compliance based on appearance.
Cephalocaudal development - ANSWER Developmental pattern where growth
occurs from head to toe.
Proximodistal development - ANSWER Developmental pattern where growth
occurs from the center of the body outward.
Piaget's Sensorimotor stage - ANSWER Birth to 2 years; learns via senses and
movement; object permanence by ~8 months.
Erikson's Trust vs Mistrust - ANSWER Infant stage where consistent caregiving
builds trust.
Psychosocial - ANSWER Loss of roles, isolation → depression risk. Encourage
purpose, activity, social ties.
Wellness Checkups Across Lifespan - ANSWER Infant: immunizations, growth
monitoring, developmental milestones.
School-age/adolescent checkups - ANSWER Dental care, hearing/vision, risk
counseling.
Adult checkups - ANSWER BP, cholesterol, diabetes, cancer screenings.
Older adult checkups - ANSWER Fall risk, cognitive screening, med
reconciliation.
Veracity - ANSWER Tell the truth; honesty builds trust, even when news is bad.
Fidelity - ANSWER Keep promises; follow through on what you say you'll do.
, Code of Ethics for Nurses - ANSWER Upholds advocacy, accountability,
responsibility, and confidentiality.
Correcting Documentation Mistakes - ANSWER If you make a mistake → single
line through entry, "error," initials, correct entry.
Pain Assessment - ANSWER Pain is whatever the patient says it is.
Referred Pain - ANSWER Felt in an area distant from origin (e.g., shoulder pain
from gallbladder).
PQRST Mnemonic - ANSWER P - Provokes, Q - Quality, R - Region/Radiation, S -
Severity, T - Timing.
Incontinence or urgency - ANSWER A condition characterized by the involuntary
loss of urine or a strong, sudden need to urinate.
Orthostatic hypotension - ANSWER A form of low blood pressure that happens
when standing up from sitting or lying down.
Cognitive impairment - ANSWER A decline in memory, thinking skills, and ability
to perform everyday activities.
Extrinsic (environmental) fall risk factors - ANSWER Conditions in the
environment that increase the risk of falling, such as clutter and poor lighting.
Fall Risk Assessment - ANSWER The process of evaluating a patient's risk of
falling using standardized tools like the Morse Fall Scale.
Home Safety for Older Adults - ANSWER Measures taken to ensure a safe living
environment for older adults, including removing throw rugs and installing grab
bars.
Body Mechanics & Safe Patient Handling - ANSWER Techniques to safely lift and
move patients, including using a wide stance and keeping objects close to the
body.
Patient Positioning & Transfers - ANSWER The practice of placing patients in
specific positions to improve comfort and safety during care.
Fowler's position - ANSWER A seated position where the patient is at a 45-60°
angle, improving ventilation and eating.
Semi-Fowler's position - ANSWER A position where the patient is at a 30° angle,
reducing aspiration risk.
