UNITEK LVN DEMENTIA AND LOSSES
EXAM REVIEW SHEET VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ Direct ARDS/Pulmonary ARDS.
Answer: Results from direct lung injury (pneumonia, aspiration, near
drowning, inhaling toxins)
⩥ Indirect ARDS/Extrapulmonary ARDS.
Answer: Results from injury other than in lungs (head trauma, burns,
multiple transfusions, pancreatitis)
⩥ Asthma.
Answer: -Reactive airway disease triggered by an allergic reaction
-IgE mediated reaction
-Airway narrows, causing dyspnea and wheezing
-Results in smooth muscle hypertrophy, goblet cell hyperplasia,
thickening and hyalinization of the basement membranes, proliferation
of eosinophils, bronchial mucous plugs.
-Exacerbations often trigged by viral infection.
-RSV is most common asthma trigger for infants and toddlers
,⩥ Asthma in Children.
Answer: -Affects boys more often
-Severity is largely based on socioeconomic status
-Vit D deficiency may play a role in asthma. Vit D is anti-inflammatory
and mediates t-cell immune responses
-RSV is most common asthma trigger for infants and toddlers
⩥ COPD.
Answer: -Obstruction of airflow
-Risk factors: TOBACCO USE, occupational dusts/chemicals, indoor air
pollutants
⩥ Inherited Mutation of Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Gene.
Answer: -Causes emphysema
-Should be considered for anyone who has emphysema under age 40 and
do not smoke
⩥ Emphysema.
Answer: -Dilation of airways and destruction of alveolar walls, causing a
decrease in elastic recoil. Air becomes trapped in lungs and cannot be
completely exhaled. CO2 lingers in lung after exhale and takes up space
and does not allow enough oxygen to be inhaled.
,-As amount of air trapped increases, thoracic cavity changes shape to
accomodate increased lung volumes and becomes barrel shaped.
-Alveolar destruction results in formation of bullae in lung tissue, which
are pockets of air and do not assist with gas exchange.
-All of this results in hypoxemia, hypoventilation, and hypercapnia.
-Patients tend to use pursed lip breathing and tripod position.
-High metabolic rate because shallow, rapid breathing burns lots of
calories. Patients tend to be thin.
-Hyperresonant (very dull) sound with percussion
⩥ Chronic Bronchitis.
Answer: -Marked by productive cough for 3 consecutive months for 2
years
-Mucous secreting cells in airways undergo a hyperplasia and secrete
excessive amounts of mucous.
-Mucous can be hard to clear due to being thick and impaired ciliary
function
-Mucous may plug the airway and impair oxygenation
-Hyperplasia is typically triggered by a chronic irritant, such as smoking
-Poor exercise tolerance, wheezing, dyspnea
-Main sign is decreased FEV1 (forced expiratory volume 1 second)
-Hypoxemia causes polycythemia (increased hematocrit) and cyanosis
-May lead to pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale (abnormal
enlargement of right side of heart secondary to resp. issues)
, ⩥ Pneumonia.
Answer: -Inflammatory or infectious process which results in
accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveolar sacs
-Casues: Bacterial, viral, fungal, or aspiration
⩥ Common bacterial causes of pneumonia.
Answer: -Streptococcus Pneumoniae: Most common cause of
pneumonia. Elderly, debilitated, malnourished, or cardiopulmonary
patients.
-Staphylococcus Aureas: Often a complication of influenza or viral
pneumonia. Elderly, debilitated hospitalized patients or chronic lung
disease.
-Streptococcus Pyogenes: Complication of viral infection such as
influenza or measles
-Klebsiella Pneumoniae: Common in hospitalized, debilitated patients,
diabetics, and alcoholics. Elderly infected with this bacteria have a high
mortality!
-Haemophilus Influenza: Commonly seen in infants and children.
Occurs in adults with COPD.
EXAM REVIEW SHEET VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ Direct ARDS/Pulmonary ARDS.
Answer: Results from direct lung injury (pneumonia, aspiration, near
drowning, inhaling toxins)
⩥ Indirect ARDS/Extrapulmonary ARDS.
Answer: Results from injury other than in lungs (head trauma, burns,
multiple transfusions, pancreatitis)
⩥ Asthma.
Answer: -Reactive airway disease triggered by an allergic reaction
-IgE mediated reaction
-Airway narrows, causing dyspnea and wheezing
-Results in smooth muscle hypertrophy, goblet cell hyperplasia,
thickening and hyalinization of the basement membranes, proliferation
of eosinophils, bronchial mucous plugs.
-Exacerbations often trigged by viral infection.
-RSV is most common asthma trigger for infants and toddlers
,⩥ Asthma in Children.
Answer: -Affects boys more often
-Severity is largely based on socioeconomic status
-Vit D deficiency may play a role in asthma. Vit D is anti-inflammatory
and mediates t-cell immune responses
-RSV is most common asthma trigger for infants and toddlers
⩥ COPD.
Answer: -Obstruction of airflow
-Risk factors: TOBACCO USE, occupational dusts/chemicals, indoor air
pollutants
⩥ Inherited Mutation of Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Gene.
Answer: -Causes emphysema
-Should be considered for anyone who has emphysema under age 40 and
do not smoke
⩥ Emphysema.
Answer: -Dilation of airways and destruction of alveolar walls, causing a
decrease in elastic recoil. Air becomes trapped in lungs and cannot be
completely exhaled. CO2 lingers in lung after exhale and takes up space
and does not allow enough oxygen to be inhaled.
,-As amount of air trapped increases, thoracic cavity changes shape to
accomodate increased lung volumes and becomes barrel shaped.
-Alveolar destruction results in formation of bullae in lung tissue, which
are pockets of air and do not assist with gas exchange.
-All of this results in hypoxemia, hypoventilation, and hypercapnia.
-Patients tend to use pursed lip breathing and tripod position.
-High metabolic rate because shallow, rapid breathing burns lots of
calories. Patients tend to be thin.
-Hyperresonant (very dull) sound with percussion
⩥ Chronic Bronchitis.
Answer: -Marked by productive cough for 3 consecutive months for 2
years
-Mucous secreting cells in airways undergo a hyperplasia and secrete
excessive amounts of mucous.
-Mucous can be hard to clear due to being thick and impaired ciliary
function
-Mucous may plug the airway and impair oxygenation
-Hyperplasia is typically triggered by a chronic irritant, such as smoking
-Poor exercise tolerance, wheezing, dyspnea
-Main sign is decreased FEV1 (forced expiratory volume 1 second)
-Hypoxemia causes polycythemia (increased hematocrit) and cyanosis
-May lead to pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale (abnormal
enlargement of right side of heart secondary to resp. issues)
, ⩥ Pneumonia.
Answer: -Inflammatory or infectious process which results in
accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveolar sacs
-Casues: Bacterial, viral, fungal, or aspiration
⩥ Common bacterial causes of pneumonia.
Answer: -Streptococcus Pneumoniae: Most common cause of
pneumonia. Elderly, debilitated, malnourished, or cardiopulmonary
patients.
-Staphylococcus Aureas: Often a complication of influenza or viral
pneumonia. Elderly, debilitated hospitalized patients or chronic lung
disease.
-Streptococcus Pyogenes: Complication of viral infection such as
influenza or measles
-Klebsiella Pneumoniae: Common in hospitalized, debilitated patients,
diabetics, and alcoholics. Elderly infected with this bacteria have a high
mortality!
-Haemophilus Influenza: Commonly seen in infants and children.
Occurs in adults with COPD.
