NU 327 Patho Exam 4 Study Guide Questions and Answers
with Complete Solutions | 2026 Update
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Essentials of Pathophysiology- Final... Advanced Pathophysiology - Exam ... Pathophysiology Exam I Chapters 1-... NR
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Terms in this set (67)
what is heart failure? inability of the heart to maintain sufficient cardiac output to optimally meet the
metabolic demands of tissues and organs
what is cardiac output? the volume of blood the left ventricle pumps per minute
what is the formula for cardiac output? CO=HRxSV
what is ejection fraction? the percent of blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole
what is normal ejection fraction? 60-70%
what is contractility? how forceful the chambers squeeze blood (ability to stretch and contract)
what is preload? the volume the heart chambers have to pump
what is afterload? the resistance the chambers have to push against to eject blood
, what are the mechanisms for cardiovascular regulation? RAAS
-raises BP
-increases blood volume
in heart failure, the RAAS continually cycles and weakening the heart
increases resistance (afterload)
increased workload
ventricular remodeling weakens the heart
what are natriuretic peptides? -increased water and sodium retention raises blood volume
-high volume stretches atrial chambers
-activates release of natriuretic peptides
-induces natriuresis: increased excretion of sodium and water
-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
** elevated BNP is diagnostic of heart failure
what is diagnostic for heart failure? elevated BNP
what is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? produced by the pituitary gland that normally helps reabsorb water back into
the bloodstream
-decreased tissue perfusion
-release of ADH from posterior pituitary
-water resorption into the bloodstream
-vasoconstrictor effects
what is autonomic nervous system? responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such
as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes
-parasympathetic nervous system: cholinergic receptors, slow HR, decrease
force of contraction
-sympathetic nervous system: alpha-adrenergic receptors (vasoconstriction),
beta-1 adrenergic receptors (increase HR, strengthen force of contraction)
what is the etiology of heart failure? -ischemic heart dz
-HTN
-COPD
-cardiomyopathies
-dysrhythmias
-valvular disorders
-cardiac infections
-pulmonary embolism
with Complete Solutions | 2026 Update
Leave the first rating
Save
Students also studied
Flashcard sets Study guides
Essentials of Pathophysiology- Final... Advanced Pathophysiology - Exam ... Pathophysiology Exam I Chapters 1-... NR
Teacher 159 terms Teacher 106 terms Teacher 178 terms Te
Samuel_Chris1 Preview Ramonamaia25 Preview sharontalia88 Preview
Terms in this set (67)
what is heart failure? inability of the heart to maintain sufficient cardiac output to optimally meet the
metabolic demands of tissues and organs
what is cardiac output? the volume of blood the left ventricle pumps per minute
what is the formula for cardiac output? CO=HRxSV
what is ejection fraction? the percent of blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole
what is normal ejection fraction? 60-70%
what is contractility? how forceful the chambers squeeze blood (ability to stretch and contract)
what is preload? the volume the heart chambers have to pump
what is afterload? the resistance the chambers have to push against to eject blood
, what are the mechanisms for cardiovascular regulation? RAAS
-raises BP
-increases blood volume
in heart failure, the RAAS continually cycles and weakening the heart
increases resistance (afterload)
increased workload
ventricular remodeling weakens the heart
what are natriuretic peptides? -increased water and sodium retention raises blood volume
-high volume stretches atrial chambers
-activates release of natriuretic peptides
-induces natriuresis: increased excretion of sodium and water
-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
** elevated BNP is diagnostic of heart failure
what is diagnostic for heart failure? elevated BNP
what is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? produced by the pituitary gland that normally helps reabsorb water back into
the bloodstream
-decreased tissue perfusion
-release of ADH from posterior pituitary
-water resorption into the bloodstream
-vasoconstrictor effects
what is autonomic nervous system? responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such
as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes
-parasympathetic nervous system: cholinergic receptors, slow HR, decrease
force of contraction
-sympathetic nervous system: alpha-adrenergic receptors (vasoconstriction),
beta-1 adrenergic receptors (increase HR, strengthen force of contraction)
what is the etiology of heart failure? -ischemic heart dz
-HTN
-COPD
-cardiomyopathies
-dysrhythmias
-valvular disorders
-cardiac infections
-pulmonary embolism
