Nsg 5140 Midterm Exam Review: Advanced Pathophysiology

NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW:
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY



Theffsodium-
potassiumffpumpffmovesff3ffNa⁺ffionsffoutffandff2ffK⁺ffionsffintofftheffcell,ffcreatingffanffelectr
ochemicalffgradientffessentialffforffmembraneffpotential.ff-ffans-✔✔Sodium-
PotassiumffPump

Mitochondriaffareffknownffasfftheff'powerhouse'ffoffftheffcellffduefftofftheirffroleffinffoxidativeff
phosphorylationffandffATPffgeneration.ff-ffans-✔✔Mitochondria

Inffmetabolicffacidosis,ffthereffisffafflossffofffbicarbonatefforffaccumulationffofffacids,fflowerin
gffbothffbicarbonateffandffpH.ff-ffans-✔✔MetabolicffAcidosisffLabffValues

Bffcellsffdifferentiateffintoffplasmaffcellsffwhichffproduceffantibodies,ffcentralfftoffhumoralffim
munity.ff-ffans-✔✔BffLymphocytes

Reversibleffinjuryffoftenffinvolvesfffailureffofffionffpumpsffleadingfftoffwaterffinfluxffandffcellffs
welling.ff-ffans-✔✔HallmarkffofffReversibleffCellularffInjury

IL-
1ffactsffonfftheffhypothalamusfftoffraisefftheffbodyfftemperatureffsetffpoint,ffcausingfffever.ff-
ffans-✔✔Interleukin-1ff(IL-1)


Typeff1ffDMffisffanffautoimmuneffconditionffwhereffT-cellsffdestroyffinsulin-
producingffbetaffcellsffinfftheffpancreas.ff-ffans-✔✔Typeff1ffDiabetesffMellitus

Rednessff(rubor)ffresultsfffromffvasodilationffandffincreasedffbloodffflowfftofftheffinflamedffar
ea.ff-ffans-✔✔CardinalffSignffofffAcuteffInflammation

Trisomyff21ffleadsfftoffDownffsyndrome,ffcharacterizedffbyffdevelopmentalffdelaysffandffdist
inctfffacialfffeatures.ff-ffans-✔✔DownffSyndrome

Infftheffbrain,ffischemicffinjuryffleadsfftoffenzymaticffdigestionffofffdeadffcellsffresultingffinffliq
uefactiveffnecrosis.ff-ffans-✔✔LiquefactiveffNecrosis

IgMffisffthefffirstffantibodyffproducedffandffisffeffectiveffinffagglutinationffandffcomplementffac
tivation.ff-ffans-✔✔IgM

,Oncogenesffareffmutatedffproto-oncogenesffthatffdriveffunregulatedffcellffproliferation.ff-
ffans-✔✔Oncogene


Lowffpotassiumfflevelsffdisturbfftheffcardiacffactionffpotential,ffincreasingfftheffriskffofffarrhyt
hmias.ff-ffans-✔✔Hypokalemia

SLEffinvolvesffimmuneffcomplexffdepositionff(TypeffIII),ffleadingfftoffwidespreadffinflammati
onffandfftissueffdamage.ff-ffans-✔✔TypeffIIIffHypersensitivity

Theffprimaryffmotorffcortex,fflocatedffinffthefffrontalfflobe,ffinitiatesffvoluntaryffmovement.ff-
ffans-✔✔FrontalffLobe


Shockffresultsffinffinadequateffdeliveryffofffoxygenffandffnutrientsfftofftissues,ffcausingffcellul
arffdysfunction.ff-ffans-✔✔Impairedfftissueffperfusion

Asthmaffinvolvesffhyperresponsiveness,ffsmoothffmuscleffconstriction,ffandffincreasedffmu
cus,ffnarrowingfftheffairway.ff-ffans-✔✔Bronchoconstrictionffandffmucusffproduction

Apoptosisffisffanfforderlyffprocessffforffremovingffdamagedfforffunneededffcellsffwithoutffinfl
ammation.ff-ffans-✔✔Apoptosis

Plaqueffruptureffleadsfftoffthrombusffformation,ffblockingffcoronaryffarteriesffandffcausingffin
farction.ff-ffans-✔✔Atheroscleroticffplaqueffrupture

Creatinineffisffaffwasteffproductfffilteredffbyfftheffkidneys;ffelevatedfflevelsffsuggestffimpaire
dffrenalfffunction.ff-ffans-✔✔Serumffcreatinine

AldosteroneffpromotesffNa⁺ffreabsorptionffandffK⁺fflossffinfftheffdistalffnephronfftoffincreasef
fbloodffvolume.ff-ffans-✔✔Aldosterone


Hypovolemicffshockffoccursffwhenffbloodfforfffluidfflossffreducesffpreloadffandffcardiacffoutp
ut.ff-ffans-✔✔Hypovolemicffshock

Stretchingffofffmyocardialfffibersffimprovesffcontractileffforce,ffincreasingffoutput.ff-ffans-
✔✔Frank-Starlingfflawffoffftheffheart

LDLffcontributesfftoffplaqueffformationffinffarterialffwalls,ffpromotingffatherosclerosis.ff-ffans-
✔✔ElevatedffLDLffcholesterol

Left-
sidedfffailureffbacksffupffbloodffintoffthefflungs,ffcausingfffluidffaccumulationffandffrespiratory
ffsymptoms.ff-ffans-✔✔Pulmonaryffedema


PTHffincreasesffserumffcalciumffbyffactingffonffbones,ffkidneys,ffandffintestines.ff-ffans-
✔✔Parathyroidffhormoneff(PTH)

, MSffinvolvesffimmune-
mediatedffdestructionffofffmyelinffinfftheffCNS,ffimpairingffnerveffconduction.ff-ffans-
✔✔DemyelinationffofffCNSffneurons

Parkinson'sffresultsfffromffdegenerationffofffdopaminergicffneurons,ffaffectingffmovement.ff
-ffans-✔✔Parkinson'sffdisease

Kidneysfffailfftoffproducefferythropoietin,ffreducingffRBCffsynthesisffinfftheffboneffmarrow.ff-
ffans-✔✔Decreasedfferythropoietinffproduction


COPDffcausesfflossffofffelasticffrecoilffandffobstruction,ffleadingfftoffairffretentionffandffbarrel
ffchest.ff-ffans-✔✔Airfftrappingffandffhyperinflation


H.ffpyloriffdisruptsfftheffmucosalffbarrierffandffinducesffinflammation,ffpromotingffulcerffform
ation.ff-ffans-✔✔Helicobacterffpyloriffinfection

HepatitisffAffspreadsffviaffcontaminatedfffood/waterffandfftypicallyffcausesffacute,ffself-
limitedffillness.ff-ffans-✔✔HepatitisffA

Chronicffliverffdamageffleadsfftoffscarringffandffnodules,ffimpairingffliverfffunctionffandffcircul
ation.ff-ffans-✔✔Fibrosisffandffnodularffregenerationffofffliverfftissue

Excessffcortisolffleadsfftoffcharacteristicfffatffdistributionffandffotherffsystemicffeffects.ff-
ffans-✔✔Moonfffaceffandffcentralffobesity


ADHffdeficiencyffcausesfflargeffvolumesffofffdiluteffurineffandffriskffofffdehydration.ff-ffans-
✔✔Antidiureticffhormoneff(ADH)

ElevatedffT3/T4ffandffsuppressedffTSH.ff-ffans-✔✔Grave'sffdiseasefflabfffinding

Anffautoimmuneffhyperthyroidism;ffthyroidffhormoneffisffhigh,ffandfffeedbackffsuppressesff
TSH.ff-ffans-✔✔Grave'sffdisease

Hyponatremiaffandffhyperkalemia.ff-ffans-✔✔ElectrolyteffimbalanceffinffAddison'sffdisease

LowffaldosteroneffinffAddison'sffleadsfftoffsodiumfflossffandffpotassiumffretention.ff-ffans-
✔✔AldosteroneffinffAddison's

Massiveffproteinuria.ff-ffans-✔✔Hallmarkffofffnephroticffsyndrome

Increasedffglomerularffpermeability,ffleadingfftoffproteinfflossffinffurine.ff-ffans-
✔✔Nephroticffsyndromefffeatures

Metabolicffalkalosis.ff-ffans-✔✔Acid-baseffimbalancefffromffvomiting