Solution Manual
Drugs, Society and Criminal Justice, 5th Edition.
@A
pl
us
st
uv
ia
@Aplusstuvia
,@A
Online Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank
for
pl
Drugs, Society, and Criminal
Justice
us
Fifth edition
Charles F. Levinthal
st
&
Lori Brusman Lovins
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank Prepared by
uv
Lori Brusman Lovins
University of Houston Downtown
Pearson
ia
Boston Columbus Hoboken Indianapolis New York San Francisco
Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris
Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei
Tokyo
@Aplusstuvia
, Chapter 1
Understanding the Drug Problem in America
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
@A
Chapter one covers the impact of drugs and drug-taking behavior on society. Definitions related
to drugs, drug use, and drug dependence are provided. The problem of drug toxicity is explored,
including hospital visits related to drug use, as well as drug-related deaths. The latest statistics on
the prevalence of drug use in the United States are presented, including use among secondary
school and college-aged students. Finally, accessibility of drugs via the Internet is discussed as a
growing avenue for individuals to access illicit substances.
pl
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Upon chapter completion, students should have an understanding of:
The impact of drug-taking behavior on society and society on drug-taking behavior
Definitions and distinctions regarding drugs and drug use
The problem of drug toxicity
us
Drug-related hospital emergencies and drug-related deaths
Prevalence rates for drug use in the United States
Illicit drug accessibility through Internet Web sites known as the “Dark Web”
LECTURE OUTLINE
st
A. Understanding Drugs and Society
There are two ways of looking at the relationship between drugs and society: the impact
of our society on drug-taking behavior and the impact of drug-taking behavior on society.
The biopsychosocial model considers a combination of biological, psychological, and
sociological risk factors in a person’s life to help explain drug-taking behavior.
Psychoactive drugs influence a person’s feelings, thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors.
uv
Psychoactive drugs receive the greatest amount of attention because they are usually illicit
drugs with criminal sanctions for selling, possessing, and using. Some examples are:
Ecstasy, LSD, PCP, methamphetamine (Meth), heroin, cocaine, ketamine, and GHB.
B. Definitions and Distinctions
A drug can be defined as a chemical substance, that when taken into the body, alters the
structure or functioning of the body in some way. Not all psychoactive drugs are illicit
ia
(illegal). Drugs like alcohol, nicotine, and certain prescription medicines are licit (legal),
but are still considered “drugs.” Differentiating a drug from a non-drug is a challenge.
Instrumental drug use involves drug use with a socially approved purpose or goal (beyond
getting high). Examples include to fall asleep or recover from an illness. Recreational use
involves drug use with the goal of getting “high.”
Drug misuse typically involves cases where use is instrumental, but the drug is used
inappropriately (e.g. at a higher dosage or for a longer period). Drug abuse is applied to
situations where the person experiences negative consequences from drug use. Drug
dependence is when an individual has a compulsive need to continue taking a drug, and
7
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
@Aplusstuvia
, may experience physical signs of dependence (tolerance or withdrawal symptoms). The
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is currently used to
diagnose substance use disorders.
C. The Problem of Drug Toxicity
Drug toxicity is the physical or psychological harm that a drug might present to the user.
Acute toxicity is when there is an immediate or short-term effect from the drug.
@A
Dose-response curve is an S-shaped graph showing the increasing probability of a certain
drug effect as the dose rises. The effective dose (ED) is the minimal dose of a drug that is
necessary to produce the intended effect of the drug in a given percentage of the
population. A lethal dose (LD) is the minimal dose of a drug that is capable of producing
death in a given percentage of the population.
Therapeutic index is a measure of a drug’s relative safety for use, computed as the ratio of
the lethal dose for 50 percent of the population to the effective dose for 50 percent of the
pl
population.
Margin of safety is the ratio of a lethal dose for 1 percent of the population to the effective
dose for 99 percent of the population.
D. Drug-Related Hospital Emergencies
Statistics for drug-related emergency-department (ED) visits are recorded each year. They
vary considerably from year to year, representing a “snapshot” of problems in drug-taking
us
behavior during that period.
In the 1980s, cocaine and crack-cocaine abuse was dominant, in the 1990s and 2000s,
methamphetamines were of most concern. Today, the focus is on heroin and other
opioids.
Heroin and other opioids accounted for 84 percent of ED visits for drug overdose in 2015.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported in 2018 that opioid overdose ED
st
visits increase 30 percent from 2016 to 2017, 60 percent during this period in the
Midwest.
The vast majority of drug-related ED visits continues to be associated with excessive
alcohol consumption.
E. Drug-Related Deaths
Presently, an overdose is the leading cause of accidental death in the United States and the
uv
leading cause of death among Americans under the age of 50. Around 2/3 of overdose
deaths in 2017 were from opioids.
The most significant factor escalating opioid overdoses is the sharp increase in fentanyl
use.
Acute toxicity involves drug overdoses, but chronic toxicity is important to understand as
it explores physical or psychological harm drug use may cause over an extended period of
time.
ia
F. Prevalence Rates of Drug Use in the United States
Comprehensive reports on the prevalence of drug use among Americans across the
lifespan can be drawn from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH),
where individuals self-report their drug use.
Reports on prevalence rates specifically among secondary school students, college
students, and young adults are issued on an annual basis through the Monitoring the
Future (MTF) program. The University of Michigan oversees this program and launched
the first survey in 1975.
8
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
@Aplusstuvia
Drugs, Society and Criminal Justice, 5th Edition.
@A
pl
us
st
uv
ia
@Aplusstuvia
,@A
Online Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank
for
pl
Drugs, Society, and Criminal
Justice
us
Fifth edition
Charles F. Levinthal
st
&
Lori Brusman Lovins
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank Prepared by
uv
Lori Brusman Lovins
University of Houston Downtown
Pearson
ia
Boston Columbus Hoboken Indianapolis New York San Francisco
Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris
Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei
Tokyo
@Aplusstuvia
, Chapter 1
Understanding the Drug Problem in America
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
@A
Chapter one covers the impact of drugs and drug-taking behavior on society. Definitions related
to drugs, drug use, and drug dependence are provided. The problem of drug toxicity is explored,
including hospital visits related to drug use, as well as drug-related deaths. The latest statistics on
the prevalence of drug use in the United States are presented, including use among secondary
school and college-aged students. Finally, accessibility of drugs via the Internet is discussed as a
growing avenue for individuals to access illicit substances.
pl
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Upon chapter completion, students should have an understanding of:
The impact of drug-taking behavior on society and society on drug-taking behavior
Definitions and distinctions regarding drugs and drug use
The problem of drug toxicity
us
Drug-related hospital emergencies and drug-related deaths
Prevalence rates for drug use in the United States
Illicit drug accessibility through Internet Web sites known as the “Dark Web”
LECTURE OUTLINE
st
A. Understanding Drugs and Society
There are two ways of looking at the relationship between drugs and society: the impact
of our society on drug-taking behavior and the impact of drug-taking behavior on society.
The biopsychosocial model considers a combination of biological, psychological, and
sociological risk factors in a person’s life to help explain drug-taking behavior.
Psychoactive drugs influence a person’s feelings, thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors.
uv
Psychoactive drugs receive the greatest amount of attention because they are usually illicit
drugs with criminal sanctions for selling, possessing, and using. Some examples are:
Ecstasy, LSD, PCP, methamphetamine (Meth), heroin, cocaine, ketamine, and GHB.
B. Definitions and Distinctions
A drug can be defined as a chemical substance, that when taken into the body, alters the
structure or functioning of the body in some way. Not all psychoactive drugs are illicit
ia
(illegal). Drugs like alcohol, nicotine, and certain prescription medicines are licit (legal),
but are still considered “drugs.” Differentiating a drug from a non-drug is a challenge.
Instrumental drug use involves drug use with a socially approved purpose or goal (beyond
getting high). Examples include to fall asleep or recover from an illness. Recreational use
involves drug use with the goal of getting “high.”
Drug misuse typically involves cases where use is instrumental, but the drug is used
inappropriately (e.g. at a higher dosage or for a longer period). Drug abuse is applied to
situations where the person experiences negative consequences from drug use. Drug
dependence is when an individual has a compulsive need to continue taking a drug, and
7
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
@Aplusstuvia
, may experience physical signs of dependence (tolerance or withdrawal symptoms). The
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is currently used to
diagnose substance use disorders.
C. The Problem of Drug Toxicity
Drug toxicity is the physical or psychological harm that a drug might present to the user.
Acute toxicity is when there is an immediate or short-term effect from the drug.
@A
Dose-response curve is an S-shaped graph showing the increasing probability of a certain
drug effect as the dose rises. The effective dose (ED) is the minimal dose of a drug that is
necessary to produce the intended effect of the drug in a given percentage of the
population. A lethal dose (LD) is the minimal dose of a drug that is capable of producing
death in a given percentage of the population.
Therapeutic index is a measure of a drug’s relative safety for use, computed as the ratio of
the lethal dose for 50 percent of the population to the effective dose for 50 percent of the
pl
population.
Margin of safety is the ratio of a lethal dose for 1 percent of the population to the effective
dose for 99 percent of the population.
D. Drug-Related Hospital Emergencies
Statistics for drug-related emergency-department (ED) visits are recorded each year. They
vary considerably from year to year, representing a “snapshot” of problems in drug-taking
us
behavior during that period.
In the 1980s, cocaine and crack-cocaine abuse was dominant, in the 1990s and 2000s,
methamphetamines were of most concern. Today, the focus is on heroin and other
opioids.
Heroin and other opioids accounted for 84 percent of ED visits for drug overdose in 2015.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported in 2018 that opioid overdose ED
st
visits increase 30 percent from 2016 to 2017, 60 percent during this period in the
Midwest.
The vast majority of drug-related ED visits continues to be associated with excessive
alcohol consumption.
E. Drug-Related Deaths
Presently, an overdose is the leading cause of accidental death in the United States and the
uv
leading cause of death among Americans under the age of 50. Around 2/3 of overdose
deaths in 2017 were from opioids.
The most significant factor escalating opioid overdoses is the sharp increase in fentanyl
use.
Acute toxicity involves drug overdoses, but chronic toxicity is important to understand as
it explores physical or psychological harm drug use may cause over an extended period of
time.
ia
F. Prevalence Rates of Drug Use in the United States
Comprehensive reports on the prevalence of drug use among Americans across the
lifespan can be drawn from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH),
where individuals self-report their drug use.
Reports on prevalence rates specifically among secondary school students, college
students, and young adults are issued on an annual basis through the Monitoring the
Future (MTF) program. The University of Michigan oversees this program and launched
the first survey in 1975.
8
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc.
@Aplusstuvia
