CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY 5
BY LINDA MILLER FINAL PAPER 2026 SOLVED
QUESTIONS WITH FULL SOLUTION ALREADY
PASSED
◉ define macrophages during phagocytosis.
Answer: attack all foreign cells (nonspecific)
◉ At one time the term "natural antibody" was defined as antibody
produced without known exposure to antigen, but.
Answer: now environmental sources of antigen (dust, pollen, fungal
spores, bacteria, etc.) are a considered to be the stimulus for these
antibodies (for example anti-A and anti-B)
◉ lysozyme definition.
Answer: antibacterial enzyme found in many bodily excretions such
as tears, saliva, urine, body fluids. It is also produced by WBC's
◉ interferon defintion.
Answer: a nonspecific antiviral agent, is a major factor in recovery
from (not prevention of) viral infections
,◉ complement defintion.
Answer: set of antimicrobial proteins
◉ definition of specific immunity.
Answer: process in which a specific reaction to each infectious agent
is produced. Example: the immune response against the measles
virus is not effective against the chickenpox virus and vice versa, the
immune response against the chickenpox virus is not effective
against the measles virus. Immunity for measles is specific for
measles and immunity for chickenpox is specific for chickenpox
◉ define immunological memory.
Answer: established after recovery from a disease. This confers
resistance to re-infection with the same agent and the chance of
disease is considerably less
◉ Resistance is improved by.
Answer: repeated infection or contact with foreign microorganisms
or their products. The immune response is stronger with each
exposure
◉ humoral immunity involves.
Answer: the synthesis and release of antibody into the blood and
other body fluids to react with foreign antigens
,◉ define antibodies.
Answer: (Ab)- proteins produced by B lymphocytes in response to
an antigenic stimulus
◉ define cell-mediated immunity.
Answer: the production of sensitized lymphocytes which respond to
specific antigens
◉ define sensitized lymphocytes.
Answer: lymphocytes which have had previous exposure to a
particular Ag and are therefore "programmed" to recognize and
react to that Ag
◉ define antigens.
Answer: any molecular structure which stimulates the body's
immune system to respond. Most are protein or carbohydrate in
nature. These are large molecules of high molecular weight and are
made up of smaller subunits such as amino acids or sugars
◉ define haptens.
Answer: antigenic substances of low molecular weight (> 5,000)
which require some type of carrier molecule (usually a protein such
as albumin)to induce an immune response
, ◉ define epitope or antigenic determinant.
Answer: region of limited size located within an antigen for which a
particular antibody is directed against . Each epitope is therefore a
very small portion of an antigen since antigens are large complex
molecules. A particular antibody does not bind to the whole of an
infectious agent. Each antibody binds to one of many molecules on
the microorganism's surface. Antigen molecules may have repeated
epitopes or may be composed of several different epitopes. The
larger the molecule the greater the number of antigenic sites
◉ All of the cells involved with the immune response arise form or
"are descendants of".
Answer: a hematopoietic stem cell
◉ three (3) lines of development
erythroid-.
Answer: erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBC's)
◉ three (3) lines of development
myeloid-.
Answer: granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, platelets,
and macrophages)
BY LINDA MILLER FINAL PAPER 2026 SOLVED
QUESTIONS WITH FULL SOLUTION ALREADY
PASSED
◉ define macrophages during phagocytosis.
Answer: attack all foreign cells (nonspecific)
◉ At one time the term "natural antibody" was defined as antibody
produced without known exposure to antigen, but.
Answer: now environmental sources of antigen (dust, pollen, fungal
spores, bacteria, etc.) are a considered to be the stimulus for these
antibodies (for example anti-A and anti-B)
◉ lysozyme definition.
Answer: antibacterial enzyme found in many bodily excretions such
as tears, saliva, urine, body fluids. It is also produced by WBC's
◉ interferon defintion.
Answer: a nonspecific antiviral agent, is a major factor in recovery
from (not prevention of) viral infections
,◉ complement defintion.
Answer: set of antimicrobial proteins
◉ definition of specific immunity.
Answer: process in which a specific reaction to each infectious agent
is produced. Example: the immune response against the measles
virus is not effective against the chickenpox virus and vice versa, the
immune response against the chickenpox virus is not effective
against the measles virus. Immunity for measles is specific for
measles and immunity for chickenpox is specific for chickenpox
◉ define immunological memory.
Answer: established after recovery from a disease. This confers
resistance to re-infection with the same agent and the chance of
disease is considerably less
◉ Resistance is improved by.
Answer: repeated infection or contact with foreign microorganisms
or their products. The immune response is stronger with each
exposure
◉ humoral immunity involves.
Answer: the synthesis and release of antibody into the blood and
other body fluids to react with foreign antigens
,◉ define antibodies.
Answer: (Ab)- proteins produced by B lymphocytes in response to
an antigenic stimulus
◉ define cell-mediated immunity.
Answer: the production of sensitized lymphocytes which respond to
specific antigens
◉ define sensitized lymphocytes.
Answer: lymphocytes which have had previous exposure to a
particular Ag and are therefore "programmed" to recognize and
react to that Ag
◉ define antigens.
Answer: any molecular structure which stimulates the body's
immune system to respond. Most are protein or carbohydrate in
nature. These are large molecules of high molecular weight and are
made up of smaller subunits such as amino acids or sugars
◉ define haptens.
Answer: antigenic substances of low molecular weight (> 5,000)
which require some type of carrier molecule (usually a protein such
as albumin)to induce an immune response
, ◉ define epitope or antigenic determinant.
Answer: region of limited size located within an antigen for which a
particular antibody is directed against . Each epitope is therefore a
very small portion of an antigen since antigens are large complex
molecules. A particular antibody does not bind to the whole of an
infectious agent. Each antibody binds to one of many molecules on
the microorganism's surface. Antigen molecules may have repeated
epitopes or may be composed of several different epitopes. The
larger the molecule the greater the number of antigenic sites
◉ All of the cells involved with the immune response arise form or
"are descendants of".
Answer: a hematopoietic stem cell
◉ three (3) lines of development
erythroid-.
Answer: erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBC's)
◉ three (3) lines of development
myeloid-.
Answer: granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, platelets,
and macrophages)
