CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE FINAL TEST
2026 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ LMN Lesion signs.
Answer: Weakness YesAtrophy YesFasciculations Yes Reflexes Decreased
Tone Decreased
◍ Neurulation Week 3 to Week 4 (Primary Brain Vesicles):-Formation of
neural crest and neural tube.
Answer: ProsencephalonMesencephalonRhombencephalon
◍ What is Clinical Neuroscience?.
Answer: A field that uses neuroscience to understand mental illness and
related pathology.
◍ Central Cord Syndrome:.
Answer: Loss of pain/temperature sensation in upper limbs, motor loss in
hands.
◍ 4th ventricle location.
Answer: Between brainstem and cerebellumSuperiorly: Connects to the
third ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct .Inferiorly: Continues as the central
canal of the spinal cord.
◍ Association Cortex -.
Answer: association cortex integrates information from multiple sensory
areas to perform more complex cognitive functions like object recognition
or planning actions, essentially "making sense" of the raw sensory data
received by the primary cortex
◍ Frontal Lobe Clinical Presentation w/ impairments.
, Answer: Personality changesCognitive functioningMotor
planningBehavioral controlContinence
◍ Cell Differentiation 31-32 Weeks:-Formation of axons and dendrites.
Answer: CN I Olfaction
◍ White matter locations.
Answer: TractsFascicleLemniscusBundlecommissure
◍ Extinction.
Answer: The inability to perceive a stimulus on the affected side when
stimuli are presented simultaneously to both sides, despite being able to
detect it on each side individually.
◍ C fibers:.
Answer: Unmyelinated, responsible for slow pain, temperature, and itch.
◍ Pons function.
Answer: 1. Relays signals between brain and spinal cord2. Control of
respiration3. Regulation of sleep and arousal4. Contains Cranial nerve
nuclei V, VI, VII, and VIII5. Works with cerebellum to maintain
posture/balance/coordination of movements
◍ Neuroexam, Remote MemoryWhich Part of Neuro Exam?
Purpose/Connection to Neuroanatomy.
Answer: Mental Status-MemoryLimbic system-medial temporal lobes and
medial diencephalon
◍ Medulla Oblongata Clinical Presentation w/ impairments.
Answer: "Devastating effect on sensory and motor function"
◍ PNS Neurotransimitter.
Answer: Acetylcholine
◍ Neuroexam, Pinprick/Pain SenseWhich Part of Neuro Exam?
Purpose/Connection to Neuroanatomy.
Answer: Sensation Exam-Primary SensationPeripheral nerves, nerve roots,
posterior columns, anterolateral systems in spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus,
, or sensory cortex
◍ Neuroexam, InspectionWhich Part of Neuro Exam? Purpose/Connection to
Neuroanatomy.
Answer: Motor Exam-Inspection and PalpationPossible lower motor neuron
disorder
◍ What is a con of the statistical deviance definition?.
Answer: It involves subjectivity in determining what is considered
pathological.
◍ Central cord syndrome (small lesion).
Answer: ////// = LesionBlue = Vibration and position sense loss (V)Green =
Pain and temperature sense loss (P)Red = Motor loss (M)
◍ Neuroexam, SaccadesWhich Part of Neuro Exam? Purpose/Connection to
Neuroanatomy.
Answer: Cranial Nerves-III, IV, VIIndicates abnormalities with central eye
control; this can be with individual muscle, cranial nerve itself, cortex,
brainstem
◍ Reflexes.
Answer: 1. Deep tendon reflexes2. Plantar response3. Reflexes tested in
special situations: suspected spinal cord damage, frontal release signs,
posturing.
◍ What disturbances are studied in Clinical Neuroscience?.
Answer: Disturbances in brain structure and function associated with mental
illness.
◍ 18 Secondary Visual Cortex.
Answer: LocationMedial and lateral occipital gyriFunctionVision; depth
◍ Angiography MCA.
Answer: x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast
materialMiddle cerebral artery
◍ VPM (Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus):.
, Answer: Relays somatosensory information from face.
◍ PMH.
Answer: Past Medical History
◍ Below Midbrain, Rostral.
Answer: Superior
◍ What is a con of the maladaptive behavior definition?.
Answer: It is subjective and can vary based on individual and observer
context.
◍ Dysarthria.
Answer: difficult or unclear articulation of speech that is otherwise
linguistically normal
◍ CN I Olfactory nerve.
Answer: olfaction (smell)Arises from the olfactory bulb just above the
cribriform plate
◍ Angiography image (know structures).
Answer: Figure 4.17A (know structures)
◍ Frontal Lobe function.
Answer: High level functions like planning, organizing, decision making,
problem solving, judgment, attention, emotional regulation, and controlling
behavior
◍ Neuroexam, Upper Extremity ToneWhich Part of Neuro Exam?
Purpose/Connection to Neuroanatomy.
Answer: Motor Exam-Muscle TonePresence of upper motor neuron lesion
will yield hyperreflexia and increased tone due to damage to pathways that
travel in close approximation with corticospinal tract; also, basal ganglia and
cerebellum
◍ Unimodal -.
Answer: In unimodal association cortex, higher-order processing takes place
mostly for a single sensory or motor modality.Example : located adjacent to
2026 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ LMN Lesion signs.
Answer: Weakness YesAtrophy YesFasciculations Yes Reflexes Decreased
Tone Decreased
◍ Neurulation Week 3 to Week 4 (Primary Brain Vesicles):-Formation of
neural crest and neural tube.
Answer: ProsencephalonMesencephalonRhombencephalon
◍ What is Clinical Neuroscience?.
Answer: A field that uses neuroscience to understand mental illness and
related pathology.
◍ Central Cord Syndrome:.
Answer: Loss of pain/temperature sensation in upper limbs, motor loss in
hands.
◍ 4th ventricle location.
Answer: Between brainstem and cerebellumSuperiorly: Connects to the
third ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct .Inferiorly: Continues as the central
canal of the spinal cord.
◍ Association Cortex -.
Answer: association cortex integrates information from multiple sensory
areas to perform more complex cognitive functions like object recognition
or planning actions, essentially "making sense" of the raw sensory data
received by the primary cortex
◍ Frontal Lobe Clinical Presentation w/ impairments.
, Answer: Personality changesCognitive functioningMotor
planningBehavioral controlContinence
◍ Cell Differentiation 31-32 Weeks:-Formation of axons and dendrites.
Answer: CN I Olfaction
◍ White matter locations.
Answer: TractsFascicleLemniscusBundlecommissure
◍ Extinction.
Answer: The inability to perceive a stimulus on the affected side when
stimuli are presented simultaneously to both sides, despite being able to
detect it on each side individually.
◍ C fibers:.
Answer: Unmyelinated, responsible for slow pain, temperature, and itch.
◍ Pons function.
Answer: 1. Relays signals between brain and spinal cord2. Control of
respiration3. Regulation of sleep and arousal4. Contains Cranial nerve
nuclei V, VI, VII, and VIII5. Works with cerebellum to maintain
posture/balance/coordination of movements
◍ Neuroexam, Remote MemoryWhich Part of Neuro Exam?
Purpose/Connection to Neuroanatomy.
Answer: Mental Status-MemoryLimbic system-medial temporal lobes and
medial diencephalon
◍ Medulla Oblongata Clinical Presentation w/ impairments.
Answer: "Devastating effect on sensory and motor function"
◍ PNS Neurotransimitter.
Answer: Acetylcholine
◍ Neuroexam, Pinprick/Pain SenseWhich Part of Neuro Exam?
Purpose/Connection to Neuroanatomy.
Answer: Sensation Exam-Primary SensationPeripheral nerves, nerve roots,
posterior columns, anterolateral systems in spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus,
, or sensory cortex
◍ Neuroexam, InspectionWhich Part of Neuro Exam? Purpose/Connection to
Neuroanatomy.
Answer: Motor Exam-Inspection and PalpationPossible lower motor neuron
disorder
◍ What is a con of the statistical deviance definition?.
Answer: It involves subjectivity in determining what is considered
pathological.
◍ Central cord syndrome (small lesion).
Answer: ////// = LesionBlue = Vibration and position sense loss (V)Green =
Pain and temperature sense loss (P)Red = Motor loss (M)
◍ Neuroexam, SaccadesWhich Part of Neuro Exam? Purpose/Connection to
Neuroanatomy.
Answer: Cranial Nerves-III, IV, VIIndicates abnormalities with central eye
control; this can be with individual muscle, cranial nerve itself, cortex,
brainstem
◍ Reflexes.
Answer: 1. Deep tendon reflexes2. Plantar response3. Reflexes tested in
special situations: suspected spinal cord damage, frontal release signs,
posturing.
◍ What disturbances are studied in Clinical Neuroscience?.
Answer: Disturbances in brain structure and function associated with mental
illness.
◍ 18 Secondary Visual Cortex.
Answer: LocationMedial and lateral occipital gyriFunctionVision; depth
◍ Angiography MCA.
Answer: x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast
materialMiddle cerebral artery
◍ VPM (Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus):.
, Answer: Relays somatosensory information from face.
◍ PMH.
Answer: Past Medical History
◍ Below Midbrain, Rostral.
Answer: Superior
◍ What is a con of the maladaptive behavior definition?.
Answer: It is subjective and can vary based on individual and observer
context.
◍ Dysarthria.
Answer: difficult or unclear articulation of speech that is otherwise
linguistically normal
◍ CN I Olfactory nerve.
Answer: olfaction (smell)Arises from the olfactory bulb just above the
cribriform plate
◍ Angiography image (know structures).
Answer: Figure 4.17A (know structures)
◍ Frontal Lobe function.
Answer: High level functions like planning, organizing, decision making,
problem solving, judgment, attention, emotional regulation, and controlling
behavior
◍ Neuroexam, Upper Extremity ToneWhich Part of Neuro Exam?
Purpose/Connection to Neuroanatomy.
Answer: Motor Exam-Muscle TonePresence of upper motor neuron lesion
will yield hyperreflexia and increased tone due to damage to pathways that
travel in close approximation with corticospinal tract; also, basal ganglia and
cerebellum
◍ Unimodal -.
Answer: In unimodal association cortex, higher-order processing takes place
mostly for a single sensory or motor modality.Example : located adjacent to
