ELEMENTARY STATISTICS - FINAL
EXAM
What-does-the-notation-P(z<a)-denote---ans-✔✔The-notation-P(z<a)-denotes-the-
probability-that-the-z-score-is-less-than-a
point-estimate---ans-✔✔A-point-estimate-is-a-single-value-used-to-approximate-a-
population-parameter
Z-score---ans-✔✔When-a-data-value-is-converted-to-a-standardized-scale-representing-
the-number-of-standard-deviations-the-data-value-lies-from-the-mean,-we-call-the-new-
value-a-____________________.
s---ans-✔✔The-symbol-for-sample-standard-deviation-is-__________________.
Degrees-of-Freedom---ans-✔✔Degrees-of-Freedom-Number-of-data-points-that-are-free-
to-vary-based-on-the-person-who-is-responding-(ex:-mood-that-day,-etc.;-gender-is-the-
same-every-day)
Population---ans-✔✔Population-The-entire-collection-of-individuals-for-about-which-
information-is-sought.
Sample---ans-✔✔A-subset-of-a-population-containing-individuals-who-are-actually-
observed.
Simple-Random-Sample---ans-✔✔Every-sample-of-size-n-has-the-same-chance-of-be-
being-chosen-(selected).
Cluster-Sampling---ans-✔✔Items-are-drawn-from-the-population-in-groups-or-clusters.
Systematic-Sampling---ans-✔✔The-population-items-are-ordered-in-a-list-then-every-Kth-
item-is-sampled.
Voluntary-Response-Samples-(self-selected-sample)---ans-✔✔When-people-choose-to-
participate-in-the-sample,-usually-only-people-with-strong-opinions-choose-to-participate.
lower-class-limit---ans-✔✔the-least-number-that-can-belong-to-a-class
, upper-class-limit---ans-✔✔the-least-number-that-can-belong-to-a-class
class-width---ans-✔✔________________-is-found-by-subtracting-a-lower-class-limit-from-
the-next-consecutive-lower-class-limit.
range---ans-✔✔the-difference-between-the-maximum-data-entry-and-the-minimum-data-
value
census---ans-✔✔____________-is-NOT-a-measure-of-center
data---ans-✔✔collection-of-observations,-measurements,-gender-or-survey-responses-
single-data.
measure-of-center---ans-✔✔A-value-at-the-center-or-middle-of-a-data-set-is-a(n)-
______________________.
compound-event---ans-✔✔A-____________________-is-any-event-combining-two-or-
more-simple-events.
"Always-true"---ans-✔✔In-a-symmetric-and-bell-shaped-distribution,-the-mean,-median,-
and-mode-are-the-same.
voluntary-response-sample-(self-selected-sample)---ans-✔✔is-one-in-which-the-
respondents-themselves-decide-whether-to-be-included.
parameter---ans-✔✔is-a-numerical-measurement-describing-some-characteristic-of-a-
population
unusual---ans-✔✔A-data-value-is-considered-______________-if-its-z-score-is-less-than--
2-or-greater-than-2.
the-corresponding-z-score-is-negative---ans-✔✔Whenever-a-data-value-is-less-than-the-
mean,-________________________________.
sample-space---ans-✔✔The-________________-for-a-procedure-consists-of-all-possible-
simple-events-or-all-outcomes-that-cannot-be-broken-down-any-further.
equally-likely---ans-✔✔The-classical-approach-to-probability-requires-that-the-outcomes-
are-___________________.
the-law-of-large-numbers---ans-✔✔As-a-procedure-is-repeated-again-and-again,-the-
relative-frequency-of-an-event-tends-to-approach-the-actual-probability.-This-is-known-as-
__________________________.
NOT-A-PRINCIPLE-OF-PROBABILITY---ans-✔✔All-events-are-equally-likely-in-any-
probability-procedure
EXAM
What-does-the-notation-P(z<a)-denote---ans-✔✔The-notation-P(z<a)-denotes-the-
probability-that-the-z-score-is-less-than-a
point-estimate---ans-✔✔A-point-estimate-is-a-single-value-used-to-approximate-a-
population-parameter
Z-score---ans-✔✔When-a-data-value-is-converted-to-a-standardized-scale-representing-
the-number-of-standard-deviations-the-data-value-lies-from-the-mean,-we-call-the-new-
value-a-____________________.
s---ans-✔✔The-symbol-for-sample-standard-deviation-is-__________________.
Degrees-of-Freedom---ans-✔✔Degrees-of-Freedom-Number-of-data-points-that-are-free-
to-vary-based-on-the-person-who-is-responding-(ex:-mood-that-day,-etc.;-gender-is-the-
same-every-day)
Population---ans-✔✔Population-The-entire-collection-of-individuals-for-about-which-
information-is-sought.
Sample---ans-✔✔A-subset-of-a-population-containing-individuals-who-are-actually-
observed.
Simple-Random-Sample---ans-✔✔Every-sample-of-size-n-has-the-same-chance-of-be-
being-chosen-(selected).
Cluster-Sampling---ans-✔✔Items-are-drawn-from-the-population-in-groups-or-clusters.
Systematic-Sampling---ans-✔✔The-population-items-are-ordered-in-a-list-then-every-Kth-
item-is-sampled.
Voluntary-Response-Samples-(self-selected-sample)---ans-✔✔When-people-choose-to-
participate-in-the-sample,-usually-only-people-with-strong-opinions-choose-to-participate.
lower-class-limit---ans-✔✔the-least-number-that-can-belong-to-a-class
, upper-class-limit---ans-✔✔the-least-number-that-can-belong-to-a-class
class-width---ans-✔✔________________-is-found-by-subtracting-a-lower-class-limit-from-
the-next-consecutive-lower-class-limit.
range---ans-✔✔the-difference-between-the-maximum-data-entry-and-the-minimum-data-
value
census---ans-✔✔____________-is-NOT-a-measure-of-center
data---ans-✔✔collection-of-observations,-measurements,-gender-or-survey-responses-
single-data.
measure-of-center---ans-✔✔A-value-at-the-center-or-middle-of-a-data-set-is-a(n)-
______________________.
compound-event---ans-✔✔A-____________________-is-any-event-combining-two-or-
more-simple-events.
"Always-true"---ans-✔✔In-a-symmetric-and-bell-shaped-distribution,-the-mean,-median,-
and-mode-are-the-same.
voluntary-response-sample-(self-selected-sample)---ans-✔✔is-one-in-which-the-
respondents-themselves-decide-whether-to-be-included.
parameter---ans-✔✔is-a-numerical-measurement-describing-some-characteristic-of-a-
population
unusual---ans-✔✔A-data-value-is-considered-______________-if-its-z-score-is-less-than--
2-or-greater-than-2.
the-corresponding-z-score-is-negative---ans-✔✔Whenever-a-data-value-is-less-than-the-
mean,-________________________________.
sample-space---ans-✔✔The-________________-for-a-procedure-consists-of-all-possible-
simple-events-or-all-outcomes-that-cannot-be-broken-down-any-further.
equally-likely---ans-✔✔The-classical-approach-to-probability-requires-that-the-outcomes-
are-___________________.
the-law-of-large-numbers---ans-✔✔As-a-procedure-is-repeated-again-and-again,-the-
relative-frequency-of-an-event-tends-to-approach-the-actual-probability.-This-is-known-as-
__________________________.
NOT-A-PRINCIPLE-OF-PROBABILITY---ans-✔✔All-events-are-equally-likely-in-any-
probability-procedure
