NUR 355 Exam 1 2026 Exam
Questions with 100% Correct
Answers | Latest Update
4 injurious agents of the plasma membrane: - ANSWER ✔✔1. free
radicals (substances with free electron on an oxygen molecule)
2. high pressure forces (ex: hypertension)
3. radiation (ex: sunlight)
4. high glucose concentrations (ex: uncontrolled diabetes)
,How are free radicals generated? - ANSWER ✔✔during inefficient
mitochondrial metabolism
Free radicals are sometimes called "_____________" molecules. The
free electron is attracted to cell membranes, attaches to membranes,
and damages them. The body has natural _______________ that
destroy these destructive molecules. - ANSWER ✔✔superoxide;
antioxidants
Free radicals _________ cell structures, disrupt the integrity of the cell
membrane and damage organelles and DNA, causing cell dysfunction,
therefore they can be called _________. - ANSWER ✔✔oxidize;
oxidants
4 examples of antioxidants: - ANSWER ✔✔1. Vitamin A, E, C
2. beta- carotene
The sodium potassium pump constantly pumps Na+ _____ in exchange
for K+ ____. - ANSWER ✔✔out; in
organelle that contains digestive enzymes and digests particles brought
in by endocytosis, pinocytosis, or phagocytosis. Also digests worn out
cell parts. - ANSWER ✔✔lysosomes
,In cell death,__________ occurs where the enzymes rupture from
lysosome and digest whole cell. WBC's have many of _________. -
ANSWER ✔✔autolysis; lysosomes
In a MI, autolysis occurs where the enzymes rupture from cardiac
muscle cell lysosomes to digest dead cardiac muscle cells. The 3 serum
cardiac enzymes are: - ANSWER ✔✔CPK/LDH/SGOT
Injured cells can develop ___________ or ____________ changes to
maintain homeostasis. - ANSWER ✔✔adaptive; maladaptive
terms that means the original cause of a cellular alteration or disease -
ANSWER ✔✔etiology
term that means unique histological findings that represent distinct
disease process. - ANSWER ✔✔pathognomonic changes
means condition or change in - ANSWER ✔✔-trophy
means development or formation - ANSWER ✔✔-plasia
Decrease in cell size due to not using the muscle. If the body doesn't
use that muscle, it's not going to supply nutrients to that muscle. ex:
paralysis, injury and lack of use - ANSWER ✔✔muscle atropy
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Increase in cell size due to overusing muscle. ex: working out, steroids,
etc. - ANSWER ✔✔hypertrophy
Increase in cardiac muscle because it has to work harder. It has an
increased need for oxygen and blood show which causes inadequate
blood flow and can lead to ischemia. Can be caused by hypertension. -
ANSWER ✔✔ventricular hypertrophy
term that means increase in the number of cells. ex: pregnancy when
there is an increase of breast gland cells caused by estrogen
stimulation, callous, endometriosis (increase in uterine lining) -
ANSWER ✔✔hyperplasia
term that means one cell type is replaced by another. Can be an
indication of cancer due to diff. types of cells. ex: keloid on skin, cells at
gastroesophageal junction irritated by acid reflux from stomach -
ANSWER ✔✔metaplasia
term that means cells have lost normal arrangement (shape, function,
size), can be precancerous changes (not necessarily cancerous growth).
Ex: hpv virus causing precancerous cervical cells - ANSWER
✔✔dysplasia
Questions with 100% Correct
Answers | Latest Update
4 injurious agents of the plasma membrane: - ANSWER ✔✔1. free
radicals (substances with free electron on an oxygen molecule)
2. high pressure forces (ex: hypertension)
3. radiation (ex: sunlight)
4. high glucose concentrations (ex: uncontrolled diabetes)
,How are free radicals generated? - ANSWER ✔✔during inefficient
mitochondrial metabolism
Free radicals are sometimes called "_____________" molecules. The
free electron is attracted to cell membranes, attaches to membranes,
and damages them. The body has natural _______________ that
destroy these destructive molecules. - ANSWER ✔✔superoxide;
antioxidants
Free radicals _________ cell structures, disrupt the integrity of the cell
membrane and damage organelles and DNA, causing cell dysfunction,
therefore they can be called _________. - ANSWER ✔✔oxidize;
oxidants
4 examples of antioxidants: - ANSWER ✔✔1. Vitamin A, E, C
2. beta- carotene
The sodium potassium pump constantly pumps Na+ _____ in exchange
for K+ ____. - ANSWER ✔✔out; in
organelle that contains digestive enzymes and digests particles brought
in by endocytosis, pinocytosis, or phagocytosis. Also digests worn out
cell parts. - ANSWER ✔✔lysosomes
,In cell death,__________ occurs where the enzymes rupture from
lysosome and digest whole cell. WBC's have many of _________. -
ANSWER ✔✔autolysis; lysosomes
In a MI, autolysis occurs where the enzymes rupture from cardiac
muscle cell lysosomes to digest dead cardiac muscle cells. The 3 serum
cardiac enzymes are: - ANSWER ✔✔CPK/LDH/SGOT
Injured cells can develop ___________ or ____________ changes to
maintain homeostasis. - ANSWER ✔✔adaptive; maladaptive
terms that means the original cause of a cellular alteration or disease -
ANSWER ✔✔etiology
term that means unique histological findings that represent distinct
disease process. - ANSWER ✔✔pathognomonic changes
means condition or change in - ANSWER ✔✔-trophy
means development or formation - ANSWER ✔✔-plasia
Decrease in cell size due to not using the muscle. If the body doesn't
use that muscle, it's not going to supply nutrients to that muscle. ex:
paralysis, injury and lack of use - ANSWER ✔✔muscle atropy
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Increase in cell size due to overusing muscle. ex: working out, steroids,
etc. - ANSWER ✔✔hypertrophy
Increase in cardiac muscle because it has to work harder. It has an
increased need for oxygen and blood show which causes inadequate
blood flow and can lead to ischemia. Can be caused by hypertension. -
ANSWER ✔✔ventricular hypertrophy
term that means increase in the number of cells. ex: pregnancy when
there is an increase of breast gland cells caused by estrogen
stimulation, callous, endometriosis (increase in uterine lining) -
ANSWER ✔✔hyperplasia
term that means one cell type is replaced by another. Can be an
indication of cancer due to diff. types of cells. ex: keloid on skin, cells at
gastroesophageal junction irritated by acid reflux from stomach -
ANSWER ✔✔metaplasia
term that means cells have lost normal arrangement (shape, function,
size), can be precancerous changes (not necessarily cancerous growth).
Ex: hpv virus causing precancerous cervical cells - ANSWER
✔✔dysplasia
