xiv Preface
EBOOK FOR FLUID
MECHANICS BY FRANK WHITE
,Preface xi 2.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces 79
2.7 Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids 82
Chapter 1
2.8 Buoyancy and Stability 84
Introductio n 3
2.9 Pressure Distribution in Rigid-Body Motion 89
1.1 Preliminary Remarks 3 2.10 Pressure Measurement 97
1.2 The Concept of a Fluid 4 Summary 100
1.3 The Fluid as a Continuum 6 Problems 102
1.4 Dimensions and Units 7 Word Problems 125
1.5 Properties of the Velocity Field 14 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 125
1.6 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid 16 Comprehensive Problems 126
1.7 Viscosity and Other Secondary Properties 22 Design Projects 127
1.8 Basic Flow-Analysis Techniques 35 References 127
1.9 Flow Patterns: Streamlines, Streaklines, and
Pathlines 37
Chapter 3
1.10 The Engineering Equation Solver 41
Integral Relations for a Control Volume 129
1.11 Uncertainty of Experimental Data 42
1.12 The Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Examination 43 3.1 Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics 129
1.13 Problem-Solving Techniques 44 3.2 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 133
1.14 History and Scope of Fluid Mechanics 44 3.3 Conservation of Mass 141
Problems 46 3.4 The Linear Momentum Equation 146
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 53 3.5 The Angular-Momentum Theorem 158
Comprehensive Problems 54 3.6 The Energy Equation 163
References 55 3.7 Frictionless Flow: The Bernoulli Equation 174
Summary 183
Chapter 2
Problems 184
Pressure Distributio n in a Fluid 59 Word Problems 210
2.1 Pressure and Pressure Gradient 59 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 210
2.2 Equilibrium of a Fluid Element 61 Comprehensive Problems 211
2.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions 63 Design Project 212
2.4 Application to Manometry 70 References 213
2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces 74
vii
,viii Contents
Chapter 4 6.5 Three Types of Pipe-Flow Problems 351
Differenti al Relations for a Fluid Particle 215 6.6 Flow in Noncircular Ducts 357
6.7 Minor Losses in Pipe Systems 367
4.1 The Acceleration Field of a Fluid 215
6.8 Multiple-Pipe Systems 375
4.2 The Differential Equation of Mass Conservation 217
6.9 Experimental Duct Flows: Diffuser Performance 381
4.3 The Differential Equation of Linear Momentum 223
6.10 Fluid Meters 385
4.4 The Differential Equation of Angular Momentum 230
Summary 404
4.5 The Differential Equation of Energy 231
Problems 405
4.6 Boundary Conditions for the Basic Equations 234
Word Problems 420
4.7 The Stream Function 238
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 420
4.8 Vorticity and Irrotationality 245
Comprehensive Problems 421
4.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flows 247
Design Projects 422
4.10 Some Illustrative Plane Potential Flows 252
References 423
4.11 Some Illustrative Incompressible Viscous Flows 258
Summary 263
Problems 264 Chapter 7
Word Problems 273 Flow Past Immersed Bodies 427
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 273 7.1 Reynolds-Number and Geometry Effects 427
Comprehensive Applied Problem 274 7.2 Momentum-Integral Estimates 431
References 275 7.3 The Boundary-Layer Equations 434
7.4 The Flat-Plate Boundary Layer 436
Chapter 5 7.5 Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradient 445
7.6 Experimental External Flows 451
Dimensi o nal Analysi s and Similarity 277
Summary 476
5.1 Introduction 277 Problems 476
5.2 The Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity 280 Word Problems 489
5.3 The Pi Theorem 286 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 489
5.4 Nondimensionalization of the Basic Equations 292 Comprehensive Problems 490
5.5 Modeling and Its Pitfalls 301 Design Project 491
Summary 311 References 491
Problems 311
Word Problems 318
Chapter 8
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 319
Comprehensive Problems 319 Potential Flow and Computa tio nal Fluid Dynami cs 495
Design Projects 320 8.1 Introduction and Review 495
References 321 8.2 Elementary Plane-Flow Solutions 498
8.3 Superposition of Plane-Flow Solutions 500
8.4 Plane Flow Past Closed-Body Shapes 507
Chapter 6
8.5 Other Plane Potential Flows 516
Viscous Flow in Ducts 325 8.6 Images 521
6.1 Reynolds-Number Regimes 325 8.7 Airfoil Theory 523
6.2 Internal versus External Viscous Flows 330 8.8 Axisymmetric Potential Flow 534
6.3 Semiempirical Turbulent Shear Correlations 333 8.9 Numerical Analysis 540
6.4 Flow in a Circular Pipe 338 Summary 555
, Contents ix
Problems 555 Problems 695
Word Problems 566 Word Problems 706
Comprehensive Problems 566 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 707
Design Projects 567 Comprehensive Problems 707
References 567 Design Projects 707
References 708
Chapter 9
Compressi ble Flow 571 Chapter 11
9.1 Introduction 571 Turbo ma chi nery 711
9.2 The Speed of Sound 575 11.1 Introduction and Classification 711
9.3 Adiabatic and Isentropic Steady Flow 578 11.2 The Centrifugal Pump 714
9.4 Isentropic Flow with Area Changes 583 11.3 Pump Performance Curves and Similarity Rules 720
9.5 The Normal-Shock Wave 590 11.4 Mixed- and Axial-Flow Pumps:
9.6 Operation of Converging and Diverging Nozzles 598 The Specific Speed 729
9.7 Compressible Duct Flow with Friction 603 11.5 Matching Pumps to System Characteristics 735
9.8 Frictionless Duct Flow with Heat Transfer 613 11.6 Turbines 742
9.9 Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flow 618 Summary 755
9.10 Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves 628 Problems 755
Summary 640 Word Problems 765
Problems 641 Comprehensive Problems 766
Word Problems 653 Design Project 767
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 653 References 767
Comprehensive Problems 654
Design Projects 654 Appendix A Physical Properties of Fluids 769
References 655
Appendix B Compressible -F low Tables 774
Chapter 10
Appendix C Conversion Factors 791
Open-Cha nnel Flow 659
10.1 Introduction 659 Appendix D Equations of Motion in Cylindrical
10.2 Uniform Flow; the Chézy Formula 664 Coordina tes 793
10.3 Efficient Uniform-Flow Channels 669
10.4 Specific Energy; Critical Depth 671 Appendix E Introduction to EES 795
10.5 The Hydraulic Jump 678
10.6 Gradually Varied Flow 682 Answers to Selected Problems 806
10.7 Flow Measurement and Control by Weirs 687
Summary 695 Index 813
EBOOK FOR FLUID
MECHANICS BY FRANK WHITE
,Preface xi 2.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces 79
2.7 Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids 82
Chapter 1
2.8 Buoyancy and Stability 84
Introductio n 3
2.9 Pressure Distribution in Rigid-Body Motion 89
1.1 Preliminary Remarks 3 2.10 Pressure Measurement 97
1.2 The Concept of a Fluid 4 Summary 100
1.3 The Fluid as a Continuum 6 Problems 102
1.4 Dimensions and Units 7 Word Problems 125
1.5 Properties of the Velocity Field 14 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 125
1.6 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid 16 Comprehensive Problems 126
1.7 Viscosity and Other Secondary Properties 22 Design Projects 127
1.8 Basic Flow-Analysis Techniques 35 References 127
1.9 Flow Patterns: Streamlines, Streaklines, and
Pathlines 37
Chapter 3
1.10 The Engineering Equation Solver 41
Integral Relations for a Control Volume 129
1.11 Uncertainty of Experimental Data 42
1.12 The Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Examination 43 3.1 Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics 129
1.13 Problem-Solving Techniques 44 3.2 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 133
1.14 History and Scope of Fluid Mechanics 44 3.3 Conservation of Mass 141
Problems 46 3.4 The Linear Momentum Equation 146
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 53 3.5 The Angular-Momentum Theorem 158
Comprehensive Problems 54 3.6 The Energy Equation 163
References 55 3.7 Frictionless Flow: The Bernoulli Equation 174
Summary 183
Chapter 2
Problems 184
Pressure Distributio n in a Fluid 59 Word Problems 210
2.1 Pressure and Pressure Gradient 59 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 210
2.2 Equilibrium of a Fluid Element 61 Comprehensive Problems 211
2.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions 63 Design Project 212
2.4 Application to Manometry 70 References 213
2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces 74
vii
,viii Contents
Chapter 4 6.5 Three Types of Pipe-Flow Problems 351
Differenti al Relations for a Fluid Particle 215 6.6 Flow in Noncircular Ducts 357
6.7 Minor Losses in Pipe Systems 367
4.1 The Acceleration Field of a Fluid 215
6.8 Multiple-Pipe Systems 375
4.2 The Differential Equation of Mass Conservation 217
6.9 Experimental Duct Flows: Diffuser Performance 381
4.3 The Differential Equation of Linear Momentum 223
6.10 Fluid Meters 385
4.4 The Differential Equation of Angular Momentum 230
Summary 404
4.5 The Differential Equation of Energy 231
Problems 405
4.6 Boundary Conditions for the Basic Equations 234
Word Problems 420
4.7 The Stream Function 238
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 420
4.8 Vorticity and Irrotationality 245
Comprehensive Problems 421
4.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flows 247
Design Projects 422
4.10 Some Illustrative Plane Potential Flows 252
References 423
4.11 Some Illustrative Incompressible Viscous Flows 258
Summary 263
Problems 264 Chapter 7
Word Problems 273 Flow Past Immersed Bodies 427
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 273 7.1 Reynolds-Number and Geometry Effects 427
Comprehensive Applied Problem 274 7.2 Momentum-Integral Estimates 431
References 275 7.3 The Boundary-Layer Equations 434
7.4 The Flat-Plate Boundary Layer 436
Chapter 5 7.5 Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradient 445
7.6 Experimental External Flows 451
Dimensi o nal Analysi s and Similarity 277
Summary 476
5.1 Introduction 277 Problems 476
5.2 The Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity 280 Word Problems 489
5.3 The Pi Theorem 286 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 489
5.4 Nondimensionalization of the Basic Equations 292 Comprehensive Problems 490
5.5 Modeling and Its Pitfalls 301 Design Project 491
Summary 311 References 491
Problems 311
Word Problems 318
Chapter 8
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 319
Comprehensive Problems 319 Potential Flow and Computa tio nal Fluid Dynami cs 495
Design Projects 320 8.1 Introduction and Review 495
References 321 8.2 Elementary Plane-Flow Solutions 498
8.3 Superposition of Plane-Flow Solutions 500
8.4 Plane Flow Past Closed-Body Shapes 507
Chapter 6
8.5 Other Plane Potential Flows 516
Viscous Flow in Ducts 325 8.6 Images 521
6.1 Reynolds-Number Regimes 325 8.7 Airfoil Theory 523
6.2 Internal versus External Viscous Flows 330 8.8 Axisymmetric Potential Flow 534
6.3 Semiempirical Turbulent Shear Correlations 333 8.9 Numerical Analysis 540
6.4 Flow in a Circular Pipe 338 Summary 555
, Contents ix
Problems 555 Problems 695
Word Problems 566 Word Problems 706
Comprehensive Problems 566 Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 707
Design Projects 567 Comprehensive Problems 707
References 567 Design Projects 707
References 708
Chapter 9
Compressi ble Flow 571 Chapter 11
9.1 Introduction 571 Turbo ma chi nery 711
9.2 The Speed of Sound 575 11.1 Introduction and Classification 711
9.3 Adiabatic and Isentropic Steady Flow 578 11.2 The Centrifugal Pump 714
9.4 Isentropic Flow with Area Changes 583 11.3 Pump Performance Curves and Similarity Rules 720
9.5 The Normal-Shock Wave 590 11.4 Mixed- and Axial-Flow Pumps:
9.6 Operation of Converging and Diverging Nozzles 598 The Specific Speed 729
9.7 Compressible Duct Flow with Friction 603 11.5 Matching Pumps to System Characteristics 735
9.8 Frictionless Duct Flow with Heat Transfer 613 11.6 Turbines 742
9.9 Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flow 618 Summary 755
9.10 Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves 628 Problems 755
Summary 640 Word Problems 765
Problems 641 Comprehensive Problems 766
Word Problems 653 Design Project 767
Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems 653 References 767
Comprehensive Problems 654
Design Projects 654 Appendix A Physical Properties of Fluids 769
References 655
Appendix B Compressible -F low Tables 774
Chapter 10
Appendix C Conversion Factors 791
Open-Cha nnel Flow 659
10.1 Introduction 659 Appendix D Equations of Motion in Cylindrical
10.2 Uniform Flow; the Chézy Formula 664 Coordina tes 793
10.3 Efficient Uniform-Flow Channels 669
10.4 Specific Energy; Critical Depth 671 Appendix E Introduction to EES 795
10.5 The Hydraulic Jump 678
10.6 Gradually Varied Flow 682 Answers to Selected Problems 806
10.7 Flow Measurement and Control by Weirs 687
Summary 695 Index 813
