PSY 357: Ch 2- Types of cross-cultural research || Get it Correct.
types of validity correct answers construct- test measures what it claims to measure
stimulus- whether stimulus used is applicable for group of people being studied
structural- whether construct is built in the same way
metric- hardest; scores mean same thing across cultures
indigenous cultural studies correct answers rich descriptions of complex theoretical models of a
single culture that predict and explain cultural differences; insights generated are compared
across studies and cultures.
-psychological processes and behaviors can only be understood within cultural milieu within
which it occurs
cross cultural comparisons correct answers studies that involve participants from 2+ cultures who
are measured on some psychological variable of interest. Responses from different cultural
samples are compared.
-backbone of cross-cultural research
CC comparisons: exploratory vs hypothesis testing correct answers exploratory studies: examine
existence of cross-cultural similarities and differences; researchers stay "close to the data"
hypothesis testing studies: examine why cultural differences may exist. Make larger inferential
jumps by testing theories of cross-cultural similarities/differences (broad scope for identifying
similarities/differences, but limited capability to address causes of differences; inferences
vulnerable to problems related to cross-cultural biases)
CC comparisons: by presence or absence of context correct answers -context factors: variables
that can explain, partly or fully, cross-cultural difference when observed in a study (e.g. SES,
education, age). Hypothesis testing studies generally need to include contextual factors
structure-oriented studies correct answers -structure oriented studies involve comparisons of
constructs (e.g. is depression conceptualized the same across cultures?), their structures (e.g. can
, depression be assessed the same way across cultures?) or their relationships with other constructs
(e.g. is depression and anxiety positively related to each other across cultures?)
level oriented studies correct answers involve comparisons of meal levels of scores between
cultures (do individuals from different cultures show same level of depression?)
individual level studies correct answers data from individuals are the unit of analysis; a file with
this data will have an individual data in rows, and variables in columns, which are compromised
of each individual's response to each variable
ecological (cultural) level studies correct answers structure oriented studies that examine whether
constructs are conceptualized the same across cultures, the relationship of a construct to other
constructs, or the measurement of a construct.
-analyze data with country or culture as unit of analysis
-allow researchers to examine relationships between psychological variables with ecological
level variables like climate, population density or GNP.
Hofstede's seminal work (multi-level modeling) correct answers -reported data from 40 countries
and soon after an additional 13; 160 item questionnaire with 63 questions relating to
organizational values.
-Generated 3 dimensions he felt could describe cultures of countries sampled:
individualism v collectivism (population) or idiocentric v allocentric (individual)
power distance
uncertainty avoidance
Masculinity v femininity
(later) long v short term orientation
psychological variables that define culture correct answers organizational values (Hofstede)
social values (Schwarts)
types of validity correct answers construct- test measures what it claims to measure
stimulus- whether stimulus used is applicable for group of people being studied
structural- whether construct is built in the same way
metric- hardest; scores mean same thing across cultures
indigenous cultural studies correct answers rich descriptions of complex theoretical models of a
single culture that predict and explain cultural differences; insights generated are compared
across studies and cultures.
-psychological processes and behaviors can only be understood within cultural milieu within
which it occurs
cross cultural comparisons correct answers studies that involve participants from 2+ cultures who
are measured on some psychological variable of interest. Responses from different cultural
samples are compared.
-backbone of cross-cultural research
CC comparisons: exploratory vs hypothesis testing correct answers exploratory studies: examine
existence of cross-cultural similarities and differences; researchers stay "close to the data"
hypothesis testing studies: examine why cultural differences may exist. Make larger inferential
jumps by testing theories of cross-cultural similarities/differences (broad scope for identifying
similarities/differences, but limited capability to address causes of differences; inferences
vulnerable to problems related to cross-cultural biases)
CC comparisons: by presence or absence of context correct answers -context factors: variables
that can explain, partly or fully, cross-cultural difference when observed in a study (e.g. SES,
education, age). Hypothesis testing studies generally need to include contextual factors
structure-oriented studies correct answers -structure oriented studies involve comparisons of
constructs (e.g. is depression conceptualized the same across cultures?), their structures (e.g. can
, depression be assessed the same way across cultures?) or their relationships with other constructs
(e.g. is depression and anxiety positively related to each other across cultures?)
level oriented studies correct answers involve comparisons of meal levels of scores between
cultures (do individuals from different cultures show same level of depression?)
individual level studies correct answers data from individuals are the unit of analysis; a file with
this data will have an individual data in rows, and variables in columns, which are compromised
of each individual's response to each variable
ecological (cultural) level studies correct answers structure oriented studies that examine whether
constructs are conceptualized the same across cultures, the relationship of a construct to other
constructs, or the measurement of a construct.
-analyze data with country or culture as unit of analysis
-allow researchers to examine relationships between psychological variables with ecological
level variables like climate, population density or GNP.
Hofstede's seminal work (multi-level modeling) correct answers -reported data from 40 countries
and soon after an additional 13; 160 item questionnaire with 63 questions relating to
organizational values.
-Generated 3 dimensions he felt could describe cultures of countries sampled:
individualism v collectivism (population) or idiocentric v allocentric (individual)
power distance
uncertainty avoidance
Masculinity v femininity
(later) long v short term orientation
psychological variables that define culture correct answers organizational values (Hofstede)
social values (Schwarts)
