BIOL 1503 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
Homologous - Answers - shared similarities due to common ancestry of the same
structure/phenotype under every variety of form and function
EX) human arm and foreleg of dog
Analogous - Answers - the independent origin of similar traits from a dissimilar ancestral
condition
Monophyletic grouping - Answers - made up of an ancestral species and all of its
descendants
Polyphyletic grouping - Answers - grouping that lacks the common ancestor of the
species in the group
multiple ancestors
Paraphyletic grouping - Answers - Consists of an ancestor and some, but not all, of that
ancestor's descendants
What are the differences between the 3 domains? - Answers - presence of
introns/Genome structure
RNA polymerase
nucelar envelope
membrane bound organelles
What separates bacteria from archaea and eukarya? - Answers - the presence of
introns, several RNA polymerase
What separates Archaea from eukarya? - Answers - Eukaraya a nuclear envelope and
membrane bound organelles
Types of prokaryotes - Answers - bacteria and archaea
Characteristics of prokaryotes - Answers - unicellular
no membrane bound organelles
no cytoskeleton
circular chromosomes
can't change shape ( no -cytosis)
, Difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria? - Answers - positive:
thick peptidoglycan layer, less complex ,dark blue/ purple
negative: thin peptidoglycan layer, more complex, pink
How do prokaryotes move? - Answers - Their capsules are sticky and the fimbrae or pilli
allow them to stick to their substrates or other individuals in the colony
How do prokaryotes reproduce asexually? - Answers - binary fission- mitosis
How do prokaryotes reproduce sexually? - Answers - conjugation- transfer of DNA
between two bacteria
transformation- uptake of foreign DNA from the environment
transduction- viruses carry bacterial DNA from one host cell to another
What are the two modes of nutrition for prokaryotes? - Answers - autotrophs: make their
own food
heterotrophs: eat something for energy
Types of autotrophs - Answers - photo: energy from light, CO2 as carbon source
chemo: energy from inorganic chemicals, CO2 as carbon source
Types of heterotrophs - Answers - photo: energy from light, organic compounds as
carbon source
chemo: energy from organic chemicals, organic compounds as carbon source
Metabolic Relationships to oxygen in prokaryotes - Answers - obligate aerobes: require
oxygen
facultative anaerobes: can survive with or without the presence of oxygen
Importance of Bacteria and Archaea - Answers - components of ecosystem
symbiotic relationships
micro biomes
research tools
Archaeans - Answers - found in extreme environments
thermophiles: temperature
barophiles: pressure
halophiles: salinity
methanogens: anoxic environments, generate methane
What are the types of eukaryotes? - Answers - protists
plants
fungus
animals
What is a protist? - Answers - eukaryotic
ANSWERS
Homologous - Answers - shared similarities due to common ancestry of the same
structure/phenotype under every variety of form and function
EX) human arm and foreleg of dog
Analogous - Answers - the independent origin of similar traits from a dissimilar ancestral
condition
Monophyletic grouping - Answers - made up of an ancestral species and all of its
descendants
Polyphyletic grouping - Answers - grouping that lacks the common ancestor of the
species in the group
multiple ancestors
Paraphyletic grouping - Answers - Consists of an ancestor and some, but not all, of that
ancestor's descendants
What are the differences between the 3 domains? - Answers - presence of
introns/Genome structure
RNA polymerase
nucelar envelope
membrane bound organelles
What separates bacteria from archaea and eukarya? - Answers - the presence of
introns, several RNA polymerase
What separates Archaea from eukarya? - Answers - Eukaraya a nuclear envelope and
membrane bound organelles
Types of prokaryotes - Answers - bacteria and archaea
Characteristics of prokaryotes - Answers - unicellular
no membrane bound organelles
no cytoskeleton
circular chromosomes
can't change shape ( no -cytosis)
, Difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria? - Answers - positive:
thick peptidoglycan layer, less complex ,dark blue/ purple
negative: thin peptidoglycan layer, more complex, pink
How do prokaryotes move? - Answers - Their capsules are sticky and the fimbrae or pilli
allow them to stick to their substrates or other individuals in the colony
How do prokaryotes reproduce asexually? - Answers - binary fission- mitosis
How do prokaryotes reproduce sexually? - Answers - conjugation- transfer of DNA
between two bacteria
transformation- uptake of foreign DNA from the environment
transduction- viruses carry bacterial DNA from one host cell to another
What are the two modes of nutrition for prokaryotes? - Answers - autotrophs: make their
own food
heterotrophs: eat something for energy
Types of autotrophs - Answers - photo: energy from light, CO2 as carbon source
chemo: energy from inorganic chemicals, CO2 as carbon source
Types of heterotrophs - Answers - photo: energy from light, organic compounds as
carbon source
chemo: energy from organic chemicals, organic compounds as carbon source
Metabolic Relationships to oxygen in prokaryotes - Answers - obligate aerobes: require
oxygen
facultative anaerobes: can survive with or without the presence of oxygen
Importance of Bacteria and Archaea - Answers - components of ecosystem
symbiotic relationships
micro biomes
research tools
Archaeans - Answers - found in extreme environments
thermophiles: temperature
barophiles: pressure
halophiles: salinity
methanogens: anoxic environments, generate methane
What are the types of eukaryotes? - Answers - protists
plants
fungus
animals
What is a protist? - Answers - eukaryotic
