HUMAN DEVELOPMENT FINAL PAPER 2026
EXAM Q&A STUDY GUIDE COMPLETE
SOLUTION
◉Language development milestones: Infant (0-12 months). Answer:
-Early vocalizations are spontaneous sounds of cooing (vowels) or
crying
-Then babbling sounds (phonemes) begin with sounds more like
patterned speech with consonant-vowel strings ("da-da-da-da")
◉Language development milestones: Toddler (12-18 months).
Answer: -First words are spoken, usually familiar objects or people
-Simple monosyllabic words are used, such as "momma" or "bye-
bye"
◉Language development milestones: Toddler (18-24 months).
Answer: -First sentences (two words) are spoken
-The toddler can understand grammatical relationships, but cannot
yet express them
-The toddler uses articles (the, a), prepositions (on, in), conjunctions
(and, but) and the verb "to be" (am, are, is)
,-Word errors include underextending word meanings
◉Language development milestones: Early childhood (3-4 years).
Answer: -Learns about 8 to 9 words each day
-The average vocabulary consists of 1,000 words
-The child can talk about things not present, and uses plural and
possessive forms of nouns (e.g. cats and cat's)
-The child adds "-ing" to verbs, and knows that more than one
adjective can apply to the same noun ("Rusty is black and fluffy")
-The child also starts private speech
◉Language development milestones: (5-7 years). Answer: -Asks
many why questions ("How many stars are in the sky?")
-The child can understand metaphor ("Don't be a quacking duck")
and can use 4- to 5- word declarative sentences ("I am not sleepy"),
interrogative sentences ("Why can't I go?") and imperative sentences
("Turn off the TV!")
-The child uses conjunctions, prepositions, and articles regularly, and
understands syntax
-The child makes errors in over-regularizations of transitive or
intransitive verbs ("She singed a song")
-At age 6, the average vocabulary is 2,500 words, but the child
speaks about 8,000 to 14,000 words
-Speech is more adult-like
, ◉Educational implications of language development. Answer: 1.
Teachers must be aware that the process of language development is
multifaceted, including physical sounds, cognitive thought, and
social interactions
2. Teachers should recognize that language cognitively, linguistically,
and emotionally begins at home. Parents play an active role in
teaching language to children. Adults teach language to children
through infant-directed speech, recasting, echoing, expanding, and
labeling
3. Teachers should recognize that children will acquire the use of
English even when their native language is the only language spoken
at home
4. Since the work of Vygotsky supports the notion that language is
essential to the development of thinking, teachers should support
appropriate private speech in order to help children self-regulate
and access a higher level of functioning
◉Intelligence. Answer: -A trait that is inferred on the basis of
observable behavior
-An individual's general mental abilities ("g" factor), including:
reasoning, problem solving, knowledge, memory, and successful
adaptation to the environment
EXAM Q&A STUDY GUIDE COMPLETE
SOLUTION
◉Language development milestones: Infant (0-12 months). Answer:
-Early vocalizations are spontaneous sounds of cooing (vowels) or
crying
-Then babbling sounds (phonemes) begin with sounds more like
patterned speech with consonant-vowel strings ("da-da-da-da")
◉Language development milestones: Toddler (12-18 months).
Answer: -First words are spoken, usually familiar objects or people
-Simple monosyllabic words are used, such as "momma" or "bye-
bye"
◉Language development milestones: Toddler (18-24 months).
Answer: -First sentences (two words) are spoken
-The toddler can understand grammatical relationships, but cannot
yet express them
-The toddler uses articles (the, a), prepositions (on, in), conjunctions
(and, but) and the verb "to be" (am, are, is)
,-Word errors include underextending word meanings
◉Language development milestones: Early childhood (3-4 years).
Answer: -Learns about 8 to 9 words each day
-The average vocabulary consists of 1,000 words
-The child can talk about things not present, and uses plural and
possessive forms of nouns (e.g. cats and cat's)
-The child adds "-ing" to verbs, and knows that more than one
adjective can apply to the same noun ("Rusty is black and fluffy")
-The child also starts private speech
◉Language development milestones: (5-7 years). Answer: -Asks
many why questions ("How many stars are in the sky?")
-The child can understand metaphor ("Don't be a quacking duck")
and can use 4- to 5- word declarative sentences ("I am not sleepy"),
interrogative sentences ("Why can't I go?") and imperative sentences
("Turn off the TV!")
-The child uses conjunctions, prepositions, and articles regularly, and
understands syntax
-The child makes errors in over-regularizations of transitive or
intransitive verbs ("She singed a song")
-At age 6, the average vocabulary is 2,500 words, but the child
speaks about 8,000 to 14,000 words
-Speech is more adult-like
, ◉Educational implications of language development. Answer: 1.
Teachers must be aware that the process of language development is
multifaceted, including physical sounds, cognitive thought, and
social interactions
2. Teachers should recognize that language cognitively, linguistically,
and emotionally begins at home. Parents play an active role in
teaching language to children. Adults teach language to children
through infant-directed speech, recasting, echoing, expanding, and
labeling
3. Teachers should recognize that children will acquire the use of
English even when their native language is the only language spoken
at home
4. Since the work of Vygotsky supports the notion that language is
essential to the development of thinking, teachers should support
appropriate private speech in order to help children self-regulate
and access a higher level of functioning
◉Intelligence. Answer: -A trait that is inferred on the basis of
observable behavior
-An individual's general mental abilities ("g" factor), including:
reasoning, problem solving, knowledge, memory, and successful
adaptation to the environment
