HONDROS NURSING 160 EXAM 2 2026
REVISION NOTES AND STRUCTURED PATIENT
CARE OVERVIEW GUIDE
◉ Hypervolemia Causes. Answer: CKD, liver disease, cirrhosis, CHF,
increased salt intake, COPD
◉ Hypervolemia Signs and symptoms. Answer: Headache,
Confusion, Nausea, Vomiting, Coma
◉ Hypovolemia Causes. Answer: Vomiting, DM, fever, heat exposure,
exercise, no water access, significant injury to skin
◉ Moat accurate assessment of water balance. Answer: daily
weights in similar clothing, same scale, same time- plus or minus 2
lbs per day, plus or minus 5 lbs a week
◉ Potassium (K+). Answer: 3.5-5
◉ Hyperkalemia causes. Answer: AKD, CKD, severe injuries,
supplementation
, ◉ Hyperkalemia signs and symptoms. Answer: muscle fatigue,
weakness, arrhythmia, irritability, Nausea, death
◉ Hypokalemia causes. Answer: diuretics. Diarrhea, excessive
sweating, laxatives, ketoacidosis, alcohol abuse
◉ Hypokalemia signs and symptoms. Answer: muscle cramps,
abdominal distention, constipation, arrhythmia
◉ Renal Pt Diet. Answer: low potassium-no potatoes, oranges,
bananas, leafy green veggies, apples, avocados
◉ Sodium (Na+). Answer: 135-145
◉ Hypernatremia Causes. Answer: too much salt, rapid infusion of
saline, antacids, increased dairy consumption
◉ Hypernatremia signs and symptoms. Answer: decreased urinary
output, firm rubbery tissue turgor, restlessness, agitation, confusion,
flushed skin
◉ Hyponatremia Causes. Answer: Diarrhea, gastric suctioning,
sweating, Vomiting, low sodium intake, burns, edema/ascites, small
bowel obstruction
REVISION NOTES AND STRUCTURED PATIENT
CARE OVERVIEW GUIDE
◉ Hypervolemia Causes. Answer: CKD, liver disease, cirrhosis, CHF,
increased salt intake, COPD
◉ Hypervolemia Signs and symptoms. Answer: Headache,
Confusion, Nausea, Vomiting, Coma
◉ Hypovolemia Causes. Answer: Vomiting, DM, fever, heat exposure,
exercise, no water access, significant injury to skin
◉ Moat accurate assessment of water balance. Answer: daily
weights in similar clothing, same scale, same time- plus or minus 2
lbs per day, plus or minus 5 lbs a week
◉ Potassium (K+). Answer: 3.5-5
◉ Hyperkalemia causes. Answer: AKD, CKD, severe injuries,
supplementation
, ◉ Hyperkalemia signs and symptoms. Answer: muscle fatigue,
weakness, arrhythmia, irritability, Nausea, death
◉ Hypokalemia causes. Answer: diuretics. Diarrhea, excessive
sweating, laxatives, ketoacidosis, alcohol abuse
◉ Hypokalemia signs and symptoms. Answer: muscle cramps,
abdominal distention, constipation, arrhythmia
◉ Renal Pt Diet. Answer: low potassium-no potatoes, oranges,
bananas, leafy green veggies, apples, avocados
◉ Sodium (Na+). Answer: 135-145
◉ Hypernatremia Causes. Answer: too much salt, rapid infusion of
saline, antacids, increased dairy consumption
◉ Hypernatremia signs and symptoms. Answer: decreased urinary
output, firm rubbery tissue turgor, restlessness, agitation, confusion,
flushed skin
◉ Hyponatremia Causes. Answer: Diarrhea, gastric suctioning,
sweating, Vomiting, low sodium intake, burns, edema/ascites, small
bowel obstruction
