BIOL 2051 LAB FINAL HIGH-YIELD
EXPERIMENTS, DATA ANALYSIS, AND LAB
SAFETY SUMMARY 2026
◉ Endospore stain
Answer: leave on slide warmer and put paper towel square on top of
smear
1. malachite green
take off warmer then remove paper towel once cooled.
2. safranin
endospore: green
vegetative cell: pink/red
◉ Acid-Fast stain
Answer: 1. add egg albumin, then add & mix in Mycobacterium
smegmatis, then add E. coli. heat fix
leave on slide warmer and put paper towel square on top of smear
2. carbol fuschin
take off warmer then remove paper towel once cooled.
3. acid alcohol
4. methylene blue (2 min)
,Acid-fast: red
Non-acid-fast: blue
◉ Capsule stain
Answer: 1. small congo red drop on clean slide, then add, mix, &
spread culture
2. dry at ROOM TEMP.
3. Maneval's stain (2 min)
Encapsulated cells (ex: Azotobacter vinelandii): purple cells
surrounded by white "halo" (capsule)
◉ Mycobacteria sp.
Answer: -aerobic
-non-sporulating
-non-motile
-RODS
◉ killit ampoule
Answer: test ampoule would appear TURBID and YELLOW if
autoclave didn't reach 121° C b/c endospores would be able to
,germinate into vegetative cells, which would ferment (using carbs.
from the nutrient broth), thus releasing lactic acid.
◉ Proteus vulgaris
Answer: peritrichous flagella, rod-shaped cells
◉ Spirillum volutans
Answer: two amphitrichous flagella
◉ Streptococcus pneumoniae
Answer: facultative aerobe
◉ Two main species that cause opportunistic infections?
Answer: -Staphylococcus aureus
-Pseudomonas aeruginosa (produces biofilms)
◉ Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Answer: single-celled eukaryotic green alga with a pair of
lophotrichous flagella
◉ What medium is used to determine if an organism possesses
flagella?
, Answer: Motility Test Medium
◉ motility test medium
Answer: -uses low agar concentration (0.4%) to allow for
movement; must stay refrigerated for as long as possible
-contains tetrazolium salt (TTC) which is used by bacteria as an
electron acceptor
◉ Oxidized TTC
Answer: non-motile; TTC is colorless & soluble
◉ Reduced TTC
Answer: motile; TTC is red & insoluble
-bacteria reduce TTC as they carry out metabolism
◉ + control for motility test medium
Answer: Escherichia coli (motile)
◉ - control for motility test medium
Answer: Staphylococcus epidermidis (non-motile)
EXPERIMENTS, DATA ANALYSIS, AND LAB
SAFETY SUMMARY 2026
◉ Endospore stain
Answer: leave on slide warmer and put paper towel square on top of
smear
1. malachite green
take off warmer then remove paper towel once cooled.
2. safranin
endospore: green
vegetative cell: pink/red
◉ Acid-Fast stain
Answer: 1. add egg albumin, then add & mix in Mycobacterium
smegmatis, then add E. coli. heat fix
leave on slide warmer and put paper towel square on top of smear
2. carbol fuschin
take off warmer then remove paper towel once cooled.
3. acid alcohol
4. methylene blue (2 min)
,Acid-fast: red
Non-acid-fast: blue
◉ Capsule stain
Answer: 1. small congo red drop on clean slide, then add, mix, &
spread culture
2. dry at ROOM TEMP.
3. Maneval's stain (2 min)
Encapsulated cells (ex: Azotobacter vinelandii): purple cells
surrounded by white "halo" (capsule)
◉ Mycobacteria sp.
Answer: -aerobic
-non-sporulating
-non-motile
-RODS
◉ killit ampoule
Answer: test ampoule would appear TURBID and YELLOW if
autoclave didn't reach 121° C b/c endospores would be able to
,germinate into vegetative cells, which would ferment (using carbs.
from the nutrient broth), thus releasing lactic acid.
◉ Proteus vulgaris
Answer: peritrichous flagella, rod-shaped cells
◉ Spirillum volutans
Answer: two amphitrichous flagella
◉ Streptococcus pneumoniae
Answer: facultative aerobe
◉ Two main species that cause opportunistic infections?
Answer: -Staphylococcus aureus
-Pseudomonas aeruginosa (produces biofilms)
◉ Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Answer: single-celled eukaryotic green alga with a pair of
lophotrichous flagella
◉ What medium is used to determine if an organism possesses
flagella?
, Answer: Motility Test Medium
◉ motility test medium
Answer: -uses low agar concentration (0.4%) to allow for
movement; must stay refrigerated for as long as possible
-contains tetrazolium salt (TTC) which is used by bacteria as an
electron acceptor
◉ Oxidized TTC
Answer: non-motile; TTC is colorless & soluble
◉ Reduced TTC
Answer: motile; TTC is red & insoluble
-bacteria reduce TTC as they carry out metabolism
◉ + control for motility test medium
Answer: Escherichia coli (motile)
◉ - control for motility test medium
Answer: Staphylococcus epidermidis (non-motile)
