MN 576 UNIT 5 MIDTERM 4 2026
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION TEST PAPER
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED A PLUS
◉ Testosterone.
Answer: Testicular hormone that stimulates the development of
male reproductive system (testes, secondary sexual characteristics,
etc.) and normal sperm production.
◉ Insulin.
Answer: Produced by beta (β) cells and secreted after meals when
blood glucose levels are rising. Lowers blood glucose by promoting
transport of glucose into body cells, converts glucose → glycogen &
fats.
◉ Glucagon.
Answer: Produced by alpha (α) cells and secreted when blood
glucose falls between meals. In liver: it stimulates conversion of
glycogen → glucose, lactic acid → glucose, and release of glucose into
blood for cell uptake.
◉ Epinephrine (E/Epi).
,Answer: Secreted in response to SNS stimulation for the 'fight-or-
flight' effects (↑ HR, vasoconstriction/↑ BP, etc.). Increases blood
sugar levels by converting lipids + amino acids → glucose
(gluconeogenesis).
◉ Norepinephrine (NE/NEpi).
Answer: Secreted in response to SNS stimulation for the 'fight-or-
flight' effects (↑ HR, vasoconstriction/↑ BP, etc.). Increases blood
sugar levels by converting lipids + amino acids → glucose
(gluconeogenesis).
◉ Aldosterone.
Answer: Stimulates Na+ absorption (& water), along with K+
excretion in the kidneys.
◉ Cortisol.
Answer: Stimulates formation of glucose from lipids and proteins.
◉ Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Answer: Increases blood Ca2+ levels (secreted when blood Ca2+
levels are low).
◉ Thyroid hormone (TH).
,Answer: Increases metabolic rate, O2 consumption, heat production,
appetite → controls metabolism in nearly all body cells by activating
enzymes for glucose catabolism.
◉ Calcitonin.
Answer: Regulates blood Ca2+ levels by increasing uptake of Ca2+ in
bone tissue by stimulating osteoblast activity (antagonist to PTH).
◉ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Answer: Also called vasopressin because it can cause
vasoconstriction (high dose). Released in response to ↓ blood
volume → stimulates water retention in kidneys → reducing urine
volume (concentrates urine) & ↑ blood volume.
◉ Oxytocin (OT).
Answer: During birth: stimulates uterine contraction. After birth:
stimulates lactation (flow of milk).
◉ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Answer: Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.
◉ Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Answer: Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone (TH) from thyroid
gland.
, ◉ Prolactin (PRL).
Answer: After birth: stimulates mammary glands to produce milk.
◉ Growth hormone (GH).
Answer: Promotes growth by stimulating mitosis and cellular
differentiation, especially in skeletal and muscular systems.
Enhances protein synthesis and conversion of lipids to glucose for
energy.
◉ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Answer: Both: stimulates gamete production. Females: secretion of
ovarian sex hormones; works with LH for maturation of ovarian
follicles.
◉ Luteinizing hormone (LH).
Answer: Females: stimulates ovulation and production of ovarian
hormones. Males: stimulates testes to secrete testosterone.
◉ Gonads.
Answer: Male and female sex organs (testes and ovaries) and have
both endocrine and exocrine functions; the sex organs produce
hormones in addition to gametes.
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION TEST PAPER
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED A PLUS
◉ Testosterone.
Answer: Testicular hormone that stimulates the development of
male reproductive system (testes, secondary sexual characteristics,
etc.) and normal sperm production.
◉ Insulin.
Answer: Produced by beta (β) cells and secreted after meals when
blood glucose levels are rising. Lowers blood glucose by promoting
transport of glucose into body cells, converts glucose → glycogen &
fats.
◉ Glucagon.
Answer: Produced by alpha (α) cells and secreted when blood
glucose falls between meals. In liver: it stimulates conversion of
glycogen → glucose, lactic acid → glucose, and release of glucose into
blood for cell uptake.
◉ Epinephrine (E/Epi).
,Answer: Secreted in response to SNS stimulation for the 'fight-or-
flight' effects (↑ HR, vasoconstriction/↑ BP, etc.). Increases blood
sugar levels by converting lipids + amino acids → glucose
(gluconeogenesis).
◉ Norepinephrine (NE/NEpi).
Answer: Secreted in response to SNS stimulation for the 'fight-or-
flight' effects (↑ HR, vasoconstriction/↑ BP, etc.). Increases blood
sugar levels by converting lipids + amino acids → glucose
(gluconeogenesis).
◉ Aldosterone.
Answer: Stimulates Na+ absorption (& water), along with K+
excretion in the kidneys.
◉ Cortisol.
Answer: Stimulates formation of glucose from lipids and proteins.
◉ Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Answer: Increases blood Ca2+ levels (secreted when blood Ca2+
levels are low).
◉ Thyroid hormone (TH).
,Answer: Increases metabolic rate, O2 consumption, heat production,
appetite → controls metabolism in nearly all body cells by activating
enzymes for glucose catabolism.
◉ Calcitonin.
Answer: Regulates blood Ca2+ levels by increasing uptake of Ca2+ in
bone tissue by stimulating osteoblast activity (antagonist to PTH).
◉ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Answer: Also called vasopressin because it can cause
vasoconstriction (high dose). Released in response to ↓ blood
volume → stimulates water retention in kidneys → reducing urine
volume (concentrates urine) & ↑ blood volume.
◉ Oxytocin (OT).
Answer: During birth: stimulates uterine contraction. After birth:
stimulates lactation (flow of milk).
◉ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Answer: Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.
◉ Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Answer: Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone (TH) from thyroid
gland.
, ◉ Prolactin (PRL).
Answer: After birth: stimulates mammary glands to produce milk.
◉ Growth hormone (GH).
Answer: Promotes growth by stimulating mitosis and cellular
differentiation, especially in skeletal and muscular systems.
Enhances protein synthesis and conversion of lipids to glucose for
energy.
◉ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Answer: Both: stimulates gamete production. Females: secretion of
ovarian sex hormones; works with LH for maturation of ovarian
follicles.
◉ Luteinizing hormone (LH).
Answer: Females: stimulates ovulation and production of ovarian
hormones. Males: stimulates testes to secrete testosterone.
◉ Gonads.
Answer: Male and female sex organs (testes and ovaries) and have
both endocrine and exocrine functions; the sex organs produce
hormones in addition to gametes.
