lOMoARcPSD| 63525276
NR 293 Midterm Exam
Evaluation of Patient Teaching…signs of effective learning from pt.
Pharmacokinetics:
• How do they work?
• How are meds absorbed/distributed?
o Absorption = how the med is getting into the body’s bloodstream
First pass is gets “check in” to the body in the liver/intestines. This is helpful
because it reduces the concentration of the drug making it safe before being
redistributed into the systemic system.
• Enteral route = meds are absorbed in the gut
• Those include PO meds (suspension, tablets, caps, etc) Parenteral routes = meds
that bypass the liver/intestines Those include IV, SQ, IM, sublingual, rectal, etc.
o Distribution: is when protein (like albumin) pick up the drug and transported around the
body. If it’s not carried by the body then its called a free drug.
• What happens in metabolism?
o Biochemical alterations where the drug is processed/broken down and made usable via
an enzyme system in the liver.
• What is ½ life? Prodgrugs?
o Half-life is defined as
50% of the drug being excreted (removed) from the body.
o Prodrug
• What does excretion mean?
o Removal of the body. Filtered by the kidneys.
• What does it mean if you have issues with primary organs that covers those things…
, lOMoARcPSD| 63525276
Explain therapeutic index. Wide? Narrow?
• Digoxin/Lithium example of narrow…
• HIGH therapeutic window o Less monitoring because it is less likely to have an adverse
reaction. o It is rarely toxic at higher doses.
o Ex: amoxicillin
• LOW therapeutic window o Requires more monitoring and more likely to have an adverse
reaction o It is more likely to become toxic with the slightest dose change o Ex:
anticoagulation drugs like Warfarin
Opioids: reversal and sign and symptoms
• Respiratory
• RR < 12BPM o Give reversal
• CNS
o Fall precaution/fall risk o Don’t operate heavy machinery.
• GI effects o For N/V: teach to take meds with food so it does not upset your stomach
o Constipation: hydration and high fiber, ambulate, stool softener (docusate [colace])
Transdermal Pain Patch [Fentanyl (Duragesic)]
NR 293 Midterm Exam
Evaluation of Patient Teaching…signs of effective learning from pt.
Pharmacokinetics:
• How do they work?
• How are meds absorbed/distributed?
o Absorption = how the med is getting into the body’s bloodstream
First pass is gets “check in” to the body in the liver/intestines. This is helpful
because it reduces the concentration of the drug making it safe before being
redistributed into the systemic system.
• Enteral route = meds are absorbed in the gut
• Those include PO meds (suspension, tablets, caps, etc) Parenteral routes = meds
that bypass the liver/intestines Those include IV, SQ, IM, sublingual, rectal, etc.
o Distribution: is when protein (like albumin) pick up the drug and transported around the
body. If it’s not carried by the body then its called a free drug.
• What happens in metabolism?
o Biochemical alterations where the drug is processed/broken down and made usable via
an enzyme system in the liver.
• What is ½ life? Prodgrugs?
o Half-life is defined as
50% of the drug being excreted (removed) from the body.
o Prodrug
• What does excretion mean?
o Removal of the body. Filtered by the kidneys.
• What does it mean if you have issues with primary organs that covers those things…
, lOMoARcPSD| 63525276
Explain therapeutic index. Wide? Narrow?
• Digoxin/Lithium example of narrow…
• HIGH therapeutic window o Less monitoring because it is less likely to have an adverse
reaction. o It is rarely toxic at higher doses.
o Ex: amoxicillin
• LOW therapeutic window o Requires more monitoring and more likely to have an adverse
reaction o It is more likely to become toxic with the slightest dose change o Ex:
anticoagulation drugs like Warfarin
Opioids: reversal and sign and symptoms
• Respiratory
• RR < 12BPM o Give reversal
• CNS
o Fall precaution/fall risk o Don’t operate heavy machinery.
• GI effects o For N/V: teach to take meds with food so it does not upset your stomach
o Constipation: hydration and high fiber, ambulate, stool softener (docusate [colace])
Transdermal Pain Patch [Fentanyl (Duragesic)]
