PBH 101 EXAM 3 UNR QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Health disparities and health equity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅differences in health outcomes linked to
social, economic, or environmental disadvantage. Health equity is the pursuit of eliminating these
disparities to ensure everyone has a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential.
Social justice - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅equal rights and opportunities in health care, regardless of race,
class, gender, or socioeconomic status.
Populations with health disparities in US - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅racial/ethnic minorities, low-income
groups, LGBTQ+ individuals, and rural residents.
Redlining and health - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a discriminatory practice that denied services based on
race or ethnicity, contributing to long-term health disparities.
Stressful job definition (documentary) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A job with high demands and little
control, leading to chronic stress and poor health outcomes.
Socioeconomic status, stress, chronic disease (Cohen & Whitehall) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lower SES
increases chronic stress and risk for diseases. Whitehall studies found a health gradient even in
employed populations.
COVID-19 mortality disparities - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Minority communities faced higher COVID-19
death rates due to preexisting disparities and socioeconomic factors.
COVID-19 disparities & documentary link - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Structural racism, poor working
conditions, and chronic stress increased COVID-19 risksâ€"mirroring themes in the documentary.
Epidemiologic transition - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A shift from infectious to chronic diseases as major
causes of death in developing societies.
Three 'ages' of epidemiologic transition - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅1) Age of Pestilence and Famine, 2) Age
of Receding Pandemics, 3) Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases.
, Top 3 causes of death in 1900 vs. today - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅1900: pneumonia, tuberculosis,
diarrhea. Today: heart disease, cancer, unintentional injury.
Compression of morbidity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Delaying the onset of illness to shorten the time
lived with disability or disease.
Atherosclerosis and hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅plaque buildup in arteries; hypertension is
high blood pressure, both risk heart disease.
Ischemic vs. hemorrhagic stroke - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Ischemic: blocked vessel. Hemorrhagic:
ruptured vessel causing bleeding in the brain.
Leading cancer types and deaths (men & women) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Men: prostate (cases), lung
(deaths). Women: breast (cases), lung (deaths).
Key risk factor for prostate cancer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Older age; others include race (higher in
African Americans) and family history.
Modifiable risk factors for lung, breast, colorectal cancer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lung: smoking. Breast:
obesity, alcohol. Colorectal: diet, inactivity.
Type 2 diabetes: physiology, risk, outcomes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Insulin resistance causes high blood
sugar. Risk factors: obesity, inactivity. Outcomes: heart disease, amputation.
Most preventable diabetes form - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Type 2 diabetes is modifiable through diet and
physical activity.
Levels of prevention link - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Primary: prevent. Secondary: screen early. Tertiary:
manage disease.
Health disparities and health equity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅differences in health outcomes linked to
social, economic, or environmental disadvantage. Health equity is the pursuit of eliminating these
disparities to ensure everyone has a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential.
Social justice - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅equal rights and opportunities in health care, regardless of race,
class, gender, or socioeconomic status.
Populations with health disparities in US - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅racial/ethnic minorities, low-income
groups, LGBTQ+ individuals, and rural residents.
Redlining and health - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a discriminatory practice that denied services based on
race or ethnicity, contributing to long-term health disparities.
Stressful job definition (documentary) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A job with high demands and little
control, leading to chronic stress and poor health outcomes.
Socioeconomic status, stress, chronic disease (Cohen & Whitehall) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lower SES
increases chronic stress and risk for diseases. Whitehall studies found a health gradient even in
employed populations.
COVID-19 mortality disparities - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Minority communities faced higher COVID-19
death rates due to preexisting disparities and socioeconomic factors.
COVID-19 disparities & documentary link - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Structural racism, poor working
conditions, and chronic stress increased COVID-19 risksâ€"mirroring themes in the documentary.
Epidemiologic transition - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A shift from infectious to chronic diseases as major
causes of death in developing societies.
Three 'ages' of epidemiologic transition - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅1) Age of Pestilence and Famine, 2) Age
of Receding Pandemics, 3) Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases.
, Top 3 causes of death in 1900 vs. today - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅1900: pneumonia, tuberculosis,
diarrhea. Today: heart disease, cancer, unintentional injury.
Compression of morbidity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Delaying the onset of illness to shorten the time
lived with disability or disease.
Atherosclerosis and hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅plaque buildup in arteries; hypertension is
high blood pressure, both risk heart disease.
Ischemic vs. hemorrhagic stroke - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Ischemic: blocked vessel. Hemorrhagic:
ruptured vessel causing bleeding in the brain.
Leading cancer types and deaths (men & women) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Men: prostate (cases), lung
(deaths). Women: breast (cases), lung (deaths).
Key risk factor for prostate cancer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Older age; others include race (higher in
African Americans) and family history.
Modifiable risk factors for lung, breast, colorectal cancer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Lung: smoking. Breast:
obesity, alcohol. Colorectal: diet, inactivity.
Type 2 diabetes: physiology, risk, outcomes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Insulin resistance causes high blood
sugar. Risk factors: obesity, inactivity. Outcomes: heart disease, amputation.
Most preventable diabetes form - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Type 2 diabetes is modifiable through diet and
physical activity.
Levels of prevention link - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Primary: prevent. Secondary: screen early. Tertiary:
manage disease.
