PSYCH 120 EXAM 1 CHAPTERS 1 – 4 STUDY GUIDE
American Psychological Association - Answers - professional organization representing
psychologists in the United
States
Behaviorism - Answers - focus on observing and controlling behavior
Biopsychology - Answers - study of how biology influences behavior
biopsychosocial model - Answers - perspective that asserts that biology, psychology,
and social factors interact to
determine an individual's health
clinical psychology - Answers - area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and
treatment of psychological
disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
cognitive psychology - Answers - study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship
to experiences and actions
counseling psychology - Answers - area of psychology that focuses on improving
emotional, social, vocational, and
other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals
developmental psychology - Answers - scientific study of development across a lifespan
disseratation - Answers - long research paper about research that was conducted as a
part of the candidate's doctoral
training
empirical method - Answers - method for acquiring knowledge based on observation,
including experimentation,
rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities
forensic psychology - Answers - area of psychology that applies the science and
practice of psychology to issues
within and related to the justice system
Functionalism - Answers - focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt
to its environment
,humanism - Answers - perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for
good that is innate to all
humans
intospection - Answers - process by which someone examines their own conscious
experience in an attempt to
break it into its component parts
ology - Answers - suffix that denotes "scientific study of"
personality psychology - Answers - study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that
make each individual unique
personality trait - Answers - consistent pattern of thought and behavior
PhD - Answers - (doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary
perspectives housed in a
traditional college of liberal arts and sciences
postdoctoral training program - Answers - allows young scientists to further develop
their research programs and
broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field
psyche - Answers - Greek word for soul
psychoanalytic theory - Answers - focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting
conscious behavior
psychology - Answers - scientific study of the mind and behavior
PsyD - Answers - (doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on
research-oriented skills and
focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context
sport and exercise psychology - Answers - area of psychology that focuses on the
interactions between mental and
emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities
Structuralism - Answers - understanding the conscious experience through introspection
William James - Answers - first american psychologist and was a proponent of
functionalism. He relied on introspection.
Wundt and James - Answers - helped create psychology as a distinct scientific
discipline
, Sigmund Freud - Answers - believed that understanding the unconscious mind was
absolutely critical to understand
conscious behavior. He relied on dream analysis, slips of the tongue, and free
association as means
to access the unconscious.
Gestalt Psychology - Answers - was very influential in Europe. takes a holistic view of
an
individual and his experiences.
Wertheimer, Koffka, and Köhler - Answers - they introduced America to Gestalt ideas.
John Watson - Answers - is often considered the father of behaviorism
Maslow and Rogers - Answers - were influential in shaping humanistic psychology
critical thinking, use of scientific method, and critical evaluation of sources of information
- Answers - What skills were mentioned to which psychology students would be
exposed?
archival research - Answers - method of research using past records or data sets to
answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
attrition - Answers - reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of
study over time
cause-and-effect relationship - Answers - changes in one variable cause the changes in
the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design
clinical or case study - Answers - observational research study focusing on one or a few
people
confirmation bias - Answers - tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or
beliefs
confounding variable - Answers - unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables
of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes
changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in
both variables
control group - Answers - serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance
factors that might influence the results of the study--by holding such factors constant
across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between
groups
American Psychological Association - Answers - professional organization representing
psychologists in the United
States
Behaviorism - Answers - focus on observing and controlling behavior
Biopsychology - Answers - study of how biology influences behavior
biopsychosocial model - Answers - perspective that asserts that biology, psychology,
and social factors interact to
determine an individual's health
clinical psychology - Answers - area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and
treatment of psychological
disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
cognitive psychology - Answers - study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship
to experiences and actions
counseling psychology - Answers - area of psychology that focuses on improving
emotional, social, vocational, and
other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals
developmental psychology - Answers - scientific study of development across a lifespan
disseratation - Answers - long research paper about research that was conducted as a
part of the candidate's doctoral
training
empirical method - Answers - method for acquiring knowledge based on observation,
including experimentation,
rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities
forensic psychology - Answers - area of psychology that applies the science and
practice of psychology to issues
within and related to the justice system
Functionalism - Answers - focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt
to its environment
,humanism - Answers - perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for
good that is innate to all
humans
intospection - Answers - process by which someone examines their own conscious
experience in an attempt to
break it into its component parts
ology - Answers - suffix that denotes "scientific study of"
personality psychology - Answers - study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that
make each individual unique
personality trait - Answers - consistent pattern of thought and behavior
PhD - Answers - (doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary
perspectives housed in a
traditional college of liberal arts and sciences
postdoctoral training program - Answers - allows young scientists to further develop
their research programs and
broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field
psyche - Answers - Greek word for soul
psychoanalytic theory - Answers - focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting
conscious behavior
psychology - Answers - scientific study of the mind and behavior
PsyD - Answers - (doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on
research-oriented skills and
focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context
sport and exercise psychology - Answers - area of psychology that focuses on the
interactions between mental and
emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities
Structuralism - Answers - understanding the conscious experience through introspection
William James - Answers - first american psychologist and was a proponent of
functionalism. He relied on introspection.
Wundt and James - Answers - helped create psychology as a distinct scientific
discipline
, Sigmund Freud - Answers - believed that understanding the unconscious mind was
absolutely critical to understand
conscious behavior. He relied on dream analysis, slips of the tongue, and free
association as means
to access the unconscious.
Gestalt Psychology - Answers - was very influential in Europe. takes a holistic view of
an
individual and his experiences.
Wertheimer, Koffka, and Köhler - Answers - they introduced America to Gestalt ideas.
John Watson - Answers - is often considered the father of behaviorism
Maslow and Rogers - Answers - were influential in shaping humanistic psychology
critical thinking, use of scientific method, and critical evaluation of sources of information
- Answers - What skills were mentioned to which psychology students would be
exposed?
archival research - Answers - method of research using past records or data sets to
answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
attrition - Answers - reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of
study over time
cause-and-effect relationship - Answers - changes in one variable cause the changes in
the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design
clinical or case study - Answers - observational research study focusing on one or a few
people
confirmation bias - Answers - tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or
beliefs
confounding variable - Answers - unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables
of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes
changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in
both variables
control group - Answers - serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance
factors that might influence the results of the study--by holding such factors constant
across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between
groups
