Microbial Genetics Study Test with complete
solutions latest 2026/27 UPDATE
Genome
the entire genetic complement of an organism; includes its genes and nucleotide sequences
complementary base pairs
G-C, A-T and A-U in RNA
2 structures of prokaryotic genomes
Chromosomes
Plasmids
chromosome in a prokaryote
circular molecule of DNA in nucleoid
plasmids
Small, circular molecules of DNA that replicate independently outside of the nucleoid
functions of plasmids
Carry information required for their own replication, and often for one or more cellular traits
Not essential for normal bacterial metabolism, growth, or reproduction
survival advantages
types of plasmids
, fertility factors - instructions for conjugation
resistance factors - resistance to antibiotics
bacteriocin factors - protein to kill competitors
virulence plasmids - toxins to enable pathogen
cryptic plasmids - not understood
structure of eurkaryotic genomes
nuclear DNA
extranuclear DNA
eukaryotyic chromosomes
more than one chromosome per cell, linear and inside the nucleus
nucleosomes
histones wrapped with DNA
chromatin fiber
many nucleosomes connected
euchromatin
active, loosely packed chromatin fibers
heterochromatin
inactive, tightly packed chromatin fibers
chromosomes
solutions latest 2026/27 UPDATE
Genome
the entire genetic complement of an organism; includes its genes and nucleotide sequences
complementary base pairs
G-C, A-T and A-U in RNA
2 structures of prokaryotic genomes
Chromosomes
Plasmids
chromosome in a prokaryote
circular molecule of DNA in nucleoid
plasmids
Small, circular molecules of DNA that replicate independently outside of the nucleoid
functions of plasmids
Carry information required for their own replication, and often for one or more cellular traits
Not essential for normal bacterial metabolism, growth, or reproduction
survival advantages
types of plasmids
, fertility factors - instructions for conjugation
resistance factors - resistance to antibiotics
bacteriocin factors - protein to kill competitors
virulence plasmids - toxins to enable pathogen
cryptic plasmids - not understood
structure of eurkaryotic genomes
nuclear DNA
extranuclear DNA
eukaryotyic chromosomes
more than one chromosome per cell, linear and inside the nucleus
nucleosomes
histones wrapped with DNA
chromatin fiber
many nucleosomes connected
euchromatin
active, loosely packed chromatin fibers
heterochromatin
inactive, tightly packed chromatin fibers
chromosomes
