BIO 340 FINAL EXAM CELLULAR BIOLOGY
GENETICS AND MOLECULAR PROCESSES
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
●● Condensation reactions
Answer: They yield water molecules as one of the products.
●● Protein structure transition
Answer: They are decreasing their Gibbs free energy.
●● Enzymes
Answer: They lower the activation energy but do not change the
direction of a reaction.
●● Experimental model system
Answer: It is an organism that can be experimentally studied instead of a
more complicated organism.
●● Phospholipid bilayer stabilization
Answer: Hydrophobic interactions between diacylglycerides and polar
interactions with water.
,●● ATP coupling
Answer: Covalent linkage of a phosphate to reactants to drive
endothermic reactions.
●● Molecular chaperones
Answer: They assist in the proper folding of other proteins.
●● Protein domain
Answer: A discrete folded region that directs the specific function(s) of a
protein.
●● DNA-binding domain amino acid
Answer: Positively charged arginine because DNA is negatively
charged.
●● Chromosomes in dividing cells
Answer: They are in their highest state of packaging and compaction.
●● Bonds in DNA molecule
Answer: All of the above - hydrogen bonds between base pairs,
phosphodiester bonds in backbone, and interactions with water.
●● Eukaryotic chromosome features
,Answer: Two telomeres, multiple replication origins, one centromere.
●● Probe failure to detect mRNA
Answer: The gene is not transcribed into RNA in your cell sample.
●● Pro-insulin
Answer: It has an internal region that is not present in insulin.
●● Ubiquitylation
Answer: It can lead to the addition of one, or multiple, or hundreds of
ubiquitin molecules.
●● Chromatin during interphase
Answer: Heterochromatin is too tightly packed to be accessible for
replication/transcription.
●● Nucleosome
Answer: A histone octamer around which ~150 base pairs of DNA are
wrapped.
●● Gene lacking corresponding protein
Answer: It could be a non-coding RNA or not translated.
, ●● Linear DNA fragments in PAGE
Answer: Smaller fragments move further down.
●● Gene cloning
Answer: Inserting DNA into a plasmid to make many copies.
●● Restriction endonucleases
Answer: Hydrolases that recognize specific DNA sequences.
●● Transcription initiation
Answer: GTFs and RNA polymerase bind promoter; enhancers loop in.
●● Eukaryotic pre-mRNA
Answer: It is capped and polyadenylated after being released.
●● Labeling B-globin DNA
Answer: Denature/anneal, primer, DNA polymerase.
●● Spatial regulation of thyroid hormone gene
Answer: It's off in other tissues.
●● Multiple proteins from one gene
GENETICS AND MOLECULAR PROCESSES
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
●● Condensation reactions
Answer: They yield water molecules as one of the products.
●● Protein structure transition
Answer: They are decreasing their Gibbs free energy.
●● Enzymes
Answer: They lower the activation energy but do not change the
direction of a reaction.
●● Experimental model system
Answer: It is an organism that can be experimentally studied instead of a
more complicated organism.
●● Phospholipid bilayer stabilization
Answer: Hydrophobic interactions between diacylglycerides and polar
interactions with water.
,●● ATP coupling
Answer: Covalent linkage of a phosphate to reactants to drive
endothermic reactions.
●● Molecular chaperones
Answer: They assist in the proper folding of other proteins.
●● Protein domain
Answer: A discrete folded region that directs the specific function(s) of a
protein.
●● DNA-binding domain amino acid
Answer: Positively charged arginine because DNA is negatively
charged.
●● Chromosomes in dividing cells
Answer: They are in their highest state of packaging and compaction.
●● Bonds in DNA molecule
Answer: All of the above - hydrogen bonds between base pairs,
phosphodiester bonds in backbone, and interactions with water.
●● Eukaryotic chromosome features
,Answer: Two telomeres, multiple replication origins, one centromere.
●● Probe failure to detect mRNA
Answer: The gene is not transcribed into RNA in your cell sample.
●● Pro-insulin
Answer: It has an internal region that is not present in insulin.
●● Ubiquitylation
Answer: It can lead to the addition of one, or multiple, or hundreds of
ubiquitin molecules.
●● Chromatin during interphase
Answer: Heterochromatin is too tightly packed to be accessible for
replication/transcription.
●● Nucleosome
Answer: A histone octamer around which ~150 base pairs of DNA are
wrapped.
●● Gene lacking corresponding protein
Answer: It could be a non-coding RNA or not translated.
, ●● Linear DNA fragments in PAGE
Answer: Smaller fragments move further down.
●● Gene cloning
Answer: Inserting DNA into a plasmid to make many copies.
●● Restriction endonucleases
Answer: Hydrolases that recognize specific DNA sequences.
●● Transcription initiation
Answer: GTFs and RNA polymerase bind promoter; enhancers loop in.
●● Eukaryotic pre-mRNA
Answer: It is capped and polyadenylated after being released.
●● Labeling B-globin DNA
Answer: Denature/anneal, primer, DNA polymerase.
●● Spatial regulation of thyroid hormone gene
Answer: It's off in other tissues.
●● Multiple proteins from one gene
