Test Bank — Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children | McCance & Huether | 9th Edition | Complete All Chapters | Verified Q&A

,Test Bank — Pathophysiology: The Biologic
Basis for Disease in Adults and Children |
McCance & Huether | 9th Edition | Complete
All Chapters | Verified Q&A

Exam: Pathophysiology – McCance & Huether, 9th Edition
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1. A cell is described as having a reduction in size and function due to decreased workload.
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This process is known as:
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• A) Hyperplasia
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• B) Metaplasia
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• C) Atrophy
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• D) Dysplasia
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Correct Answer: C jh jh




Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and function due to disuse, denervation, or reduced bl
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ood supply. Hyperplasia is increased cell number, metaplasia is change in cell type, and dysplasia i
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s abnormal cell growth.
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2. During ischemia, the switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism leads to which intrace
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llular change? jh




• A) Increased ATP production
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• B) Decreased intracellular sodium
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• C) Accumulation of lactic acid and decreased pH
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• D) Alkalosis of the cytoplasm
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Correct Answer: C jh jh




Rationale: Anaerobic glycolysis produces lactic acid, causing decreased intracellular pH. This dama
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ges lysosomal membranes and leads to further cellular injury.
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,3. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with a bacterial infection and chara
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cteristic “cheesy” appearance? jh jh




• A) Coagulative necrosis
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• B) Liquefactive necrosis
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• C) Caseous necrosis
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• D) Fat necrosis
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Correct Answer: C jh jh




Rationale: Caseous necrosis is classically seen in tuberculosis and certain fungal infections. It has a
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soft, friable, “cheese-
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like” appearance due to a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis.
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4. A patient with chronic alcoholism develops liver disease. Which adaptive change is most
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likely in hepatocytes? jh jh




• A) Metaplasia
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• B) Hypertrophy
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• C) Atrophy jh




• D) Hyperplasia
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Correct Answer: B jh jh




Rationale: Hepatocytes undergo hypertrophy (increase in cell size) in response to increased metab
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olic demand from chronic alcohol exposure. Hyperplasia (increase in number) is less common in m
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ature hepatocytes in this context.
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5. In a patient with heart failure, which compensatory mechanism initially increases cardiac
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output but eventually worsens the condition?
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• A) Decreased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity
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• B) Myocardial atrophy
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• C) Sympathetic nervous system activation
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• D) Decreased preload
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Correct Answer: C jh jh




Rationale: Sympathetic activation increases heart rate and contractility initially, but chronic activati
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on increases myocardial oxygen demand and afterload, leading to worsening failure.
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, 6. Which electrolyte imbalance is most critical in the development of cardiac arrhythmias a
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nd occurs frequently with digoxin toxicity?
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• A) Hypernatremia
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• B) Hypokalemia
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• C) Hypercalcemia
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• D) Hypomagnesemia
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Correct Answer: B jh jh




Rationale: Hypokalemia increases the risk of digoxin toxicity by decreasing the binding of digoxin
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to the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, leading to increased intracellular calcium and arrhythmias.
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7. A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. The primary pathophysiologic re
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ason is: jh




• A) Iron deficiency from poor diet
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• B) Hemolysis from uremic toxins
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• C) Decreased erythropoietin production
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• D) Vitamin B12 malabsorption
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Correct Answer: C jh jh




Rationale: The kidney produces erythropoietin (EPO). In chronic kidney disease, EPO production d
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ecreases, leading to normocytic, normochromic anemia.
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8. Which statement best describes the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
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• A) Insulin resistance with compensatory hyperinsulinemia
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• B) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
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• C) Genetic defect in insulin receptor function
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• D) Inactivation of insulin by placental hormones
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Correct Answer: B jh jh




Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where T-cell-
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mediated destruction of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans leads to absolute insulin deficiency.
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