LS 7C Final Exam Questions and
Answers.
microbiota - Answer refers to the organisms themselves ( includes bacteria, viruses, archaea,
fungi, and protozoa)
microbiome - Answer entire habitat including microorganisms, their genomes, and their
surroundings conditions
metagenome - Answer collection of genes and genomes from microbiota
holobiont - Answer entire host and its microbe symbionts
symbiont - Answer different organisms that live together
mutualist - Answer host and microbes benefit
commensal - Answer host benefits, no effect on microbe, or vice versa
parasite - Answer host is disadvantaged, microbe benefits
pathogen - Answer microbe that causes disease
how is the microbiome formed? - Answer during birth:
vaginal birth- mimics vaginal microbes
c-section- mimics skin microbes
how is maternal milk important for the growth of the microbiome? - Answer mother's milk
contains oligosaccharides that can only be digested by bacteria so then the bacteria is able to
feed the baby a form it can use
alpha vs beta diversity - Answer alpha= quantitative measure of different microbes present in
a sample
beta= qualitative measure of how related microbes are
*know different graphs
, what is the goal of the immune system? - Answer to protect the body from pathogens
(disease causing)
innate vs adaptive - Answer innate= non specific defense response
adaptive= pathogen specific defense response
skin and mucous membranes - Answer -provide first line of defense as physical barriers
-innate immunity
phagocytes - Answer -white blood cell
-engulf/destroy foreign cells via phagocytosis
-three types: macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells
-innate
mast cells - Answer -white blood cell
-releases histamines (contributor to allergic reactions and inflammation)
-innate
complement system - Answer -enhances immune function
-certain proteins that circulate the blood in an inactive form
-activated when proteins bind to invading microorganisms
-sets off a biochemical cascade
1. formation of MAC ---> cell lysis
2. opsonization ----> phagocytosis
3. cell signaling ----> inflammation
-innate
B cells - Answer -white blood cell
-expresses antibodies
-differentiate into plasma and memory cells
-mature in bone marrow
-adaptive immunity
T cells - Answer -white blood cells
-lymphocytes provided by thymus that hunt down and kill pathogens
Answers.
microbiota - Answer refers to the organisms themselves ( includes bacteria, viruses, archaea,
fungi, and protozoa)
microbiome - Answer entire habitat including microorganisms, their genomes, and their
surroundings conditions
metagenome - Answer collection of genes and genomes from microbiota
holobiont - Answer entire host and its microbe symbionts
symbiont - Answer different organisms that live together
mutualist - Answer host and microbes benefit
commensal - Answer host benefits, no effect on microbe, or vice versa
parasite - Answer host is disadvantaged, microbe benefits
pathogen - Answer microbe that causes disease
how is the microbiome formed? - Answer during birth:
vaginal birth- mimics vaginal microbes
c-section- mimics skin microbes
how is maternal milk important for the growth of the microbiome? - Answer mother's milk
contains oligosaccharides that can only be digested by bacteria so then the bacteria is able to
feed the baby a form it can use
alpha vs beta diversity - Answer alpha= quantitative measure of different microbes present in
a sample
beta= qualitative measure of how related microbes are
*know different graphs
, what is the goal of the immune system? - Answer to protect the body from pathogens
(disease causing)
innate vs adaptive - Answer innate= non specific defense response
adaptive= pathogen specific defense response
skin and mucous membranes - Answer -provide first line of defense as physical barriers
-innate immunity
phagocytes - Answer -white blood cell
-engulf/destroy foreign cells via phagocytosis
-three types: macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells
-innate
mast cells - Answer -white blood cell
-releases histamines (contributor to allergic reactions and inflammation)
-innate
complement system - Answer -enhances immune function
-certain proteins that circulate the blood in an inactive form
-activated when proteins bind to invading microorganisms
-sets off a biochemical cascade
1. formation of MAC ---> cell lysis
2. opsonization ----> phagocytosis
3. cell signaling ----> inflammation
-innate
B cells - Answer -white blood cell
-expresses antibodies
-differentiate into plasma and memory cells
-mature in bone marrow
-adaptive immunity
T cells - Answer -white blood cells
-lymphocytes provided by thymus that hunt down and kill pathogens
