NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM GUIDE WITH OVER
221 PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Physiological concepts of flight or fight response?
The release of catecholamines and cortisol during the alarm stage of the
generalized adaptation syndrome. SNS triggers an acute stress response.
Pupils dilate, HR and BP increases, bladder relaxes.
Define Homeostasis.
Equilibrium of the body.
Function of a ribosome?
Aid in protein production.
Hormone that raises blood sugar?
Glucagon
Main function of the endocrine system?
The glands of the endocrine system secrete a wide range of hormones and
chemical messengers that help regulate growth, development, mood
metabolism, and reproduction.
,Function of plasma protein?
Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Maintains osmotic pressure, coagulation
factors, transports antibodies, hormones, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
Intracellular contain a high ____- note which electrolytes
Potassium, magnesium and phosphate
Physiologic effect of hyponatremia?
Results from low serum sodium levels (<135 mEq/L). As sodium levels
decrease, water shifts into cells. This can cause unstable gait, osteoporosis,
attention deficit, cells swell.
Define hypovolemia
fluid deficit in the intravascular compartment
This stores electrolytes and acts like an electrolyte pool in the body
the kidneys
Define "sign", "contraindication"
Sign: something found during an exam, or diagnosis testing that indicates
something
,Contraindication: Anything (including a symptom or medical condition) that
is a reason for a person to not receive a particular treatment or procedure
because it may be harmful
Normal range of sodium
135-145 mEq/L
Clinical manifestations of fluid volume overload
Hypovolemia. C/M: swelling (edema) of the feet, ankles, wrists, face, high BP,
headache, and bloating.
Know components of insensible water loss
The amount of body fluid lost daily that is not easily measured, from the
respiratory system, skin, and water in the excreted stool.
Define hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions
Hypotonic: Lower concentration of sodium/solutes in solution than the blood
cells swell
Hypertonic: Higher concentration of sodium/solutes in solution than the
blood cells shrink
Isotonic: equal concentrations
define osmosis
movement of water from low concentration to high across a cell membrane
, Normal pH of blood
7.35-7.45
define diffusion
movement of solutes: from high to low concentration
An increase in sodium and osmolality is associated with a deficiency in water
true
How does the body maintain acid-base balance?
Normal acid-base balance is maintained by the lungs and kidneys.
Carbon dioxide, a by-product of normal metabolism, is a weak acid.
The lungs can prevent an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
(Pco2) in the blood by excreteting the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by the
body. The kidney tubules maintain pH.
Clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis
anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, lethargy, confusion,
coma, decreased cardiac output
Define sepsis
FINAL EXAM GUIDE WITH OVER
221 PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Physiological concepts of flight or fight response?
The release of catecholamines and cortisol during the alarm stage of the
generalized adaptation syndrome. SNS triggers an acute stress response.
Pupils dilate, HR and BP increases, bladder relaxes.
Define Homeostasis.
Equilibrium of the body.
Function of a ribosome?
Aid in protein production.
Hormone that raises blood sugar?
Glucagon
Main function of the endocrine system?
The glands of the endocrine system secrete a wide range of hormones and
chemical messengers that help regulate growth, development, mood
metabolism, and reproduction.
,Function of plasma protein?
Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Maintains osmotic pressure, coagulation
factors, transports antibodies, hormones, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
Intracellular contain a high ____- note which electrolytes
Potassium, magnesium and phosphate
Physiologic effect of hyponatremia?
Results from low serum sodium levels (<135 mEq/L). As sodium levels
decrease, water shifts into cells. This can cause unstable gait, osteoporosis,
attention deficit, cells swell.
Define hypovolemia
fluid deficit in the intravascular compartment
This stores electrolytes and acts like an electrolyte pool in the body
the kidneys
Define "sign", "contraindication"
Sign: something found during an exam, or diagnosis testing that indicates
something
,Contraindication: Anything (including a symptom or medical condition) that
is a reason for a person to not receive a particular treatment or procedure
because it may be harmful
Normal range of sodium
135-145 mEq/L
Clinical manifestations of fluid volume overload
Hypovolemia. C/M: swelling (edema) of the feet, ankles, wrists, face, high BP,
headache, and bloating.
Know components of insensible water loss
The amount of body fluid lost daily that is not easily measured, from the
respiratory system, skin, and water in the excreted stool.
Define hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions
Hypotonic: Lower concentration of sodium/solutes in solution than the blood
cells swell
Hypertonic: Higher concentration of sodium/solutes in solution than the
blood cells shrink
Isotonic: equal concentrations
define osmosis
movement of water from low concentration to high across a cell membrane
, Normal pH of blood
7.35-7.45
define diffusion
movement of solutes: from high to low concentration
An increase in sodium and osmolality is associated with a deficiency in water
true
How does the body maintain acid-base balance?
Normal acid-base balance is maintained by the lungs and kidneys.
Carbon dioxide, a by-product of normal metabolism, is a weak acid.
The lungs can prevent an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
(Pco2) in the blood by excreteting the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by the
body. The kidney tubules maintain pH.
Clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis
anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, lethargy, confusion,
coma, decreased cardiac output
Define sepsis
