GMS 6440 FUNDAMENTALS COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔types of membrane transport pathways - ✔✔simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
secondary active transport
primary active transport
✔✔types of membrane transport proteins - ✔✔channels and transporters
✔✔types of channel pathways - ✔✔ion and water channels
✔✔types of transport pathways - ✔✔solute carriers and pumps
✔✔passive types of transport - ✔✔simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
✔✔active types of transport - ✔✔secondary active transport and primary active
transport
✔✔types of facilitated transport - ✔✔ion and water channels and solute carriers
✔✔passive transport goes from _____ concentration to ____ concentration - ✔✔high
concentration to low concentration
✔✔active transport goes from ______ concentration to _____ concentration - ✔✔low
concentration to high concentration
✔✔primary active transport is the site of ________ - ✔✔ATP hydrolysis
✔✔T/F: a solute can fall into two transport categories - ✔✔true; some passive some
active depending on the carriers
✔✔what is simple passive diffusion - ✔✔movement path across a membrane lipids
does not involve a protein
✔✔ions are ______ polarized and don't interact with _________ - ✔✔ions are highly
polarized and don't interact with lipids
✔✔Easy movement across membrane ----> no movement - ✔✔hydrophobic molecules:
O2, CO2, N2
small uncharged polar molecules: glycerol
large uncharged polar molecules: glucose, sucrose (NO MOVEMENT)
Ions: H+, Na+, HCO-, K+, Ca++, Cl-, Mg++ (NO MOVEMENT)
,✔✔electrolyte concentrations are ______ distributes between cells and extracellular
fluids - ✔✔unevenly
✔✔the lipid component of plasma membranes form a barrier separating __________
from __________ - ✔✔intracellular space from extracellular space
✔✔channels are (passive/active) - ✔✔passive
✔✔T/F: channels do not have carrier specificity - ✔✔false; channels DO have carrier
specificity
✔✔channels move from areas of ________ concentration to _________ concentration -
✔✔high concentration to low concentration
✔✔in channel transport the molecule acts like a ______ and comes in contact with the
______ receptor binding site that acts like a _______ and will "______________" -
✔✔in channel transport the molecule acts like a key and comes in contact with the
ligand receptor binding site that acts like a lock and will "unlock" or "lock" the gate
✔✔leak channels are ________ - ✔✔continuously open
✔✔___________________ sense the change in voltage or electrical potential across
the membrane - ✔✔electrical field sensors
✔✔ion channel types - ✔✔ligand gated, voltage gated, leak, stretch activated
✔✔solute carriers are ________ transport - ✔✔facilitated
✔✔what kind of pump in the primary active transport pump - ✔✔Na+/K+_ATPase
✔✔describe the primary active transport pump - ✔✔hydrolysis of ATP causes 3 Na+
ions to move from inside to outside of the cell. occurs in exchange for two K+ ions from
outside the cell to inside the cell. then returns to the initial state
✔✔describe ATP in the primary active transport pump - ✔✔ATP --> ADP w/ phosphate -
-> phosphate is released
✔✔functions of primary active transporters (ATPases) - ✔✔pump electrolytes (ions) out
of one compartment into another
solute gradients for osmotic stability
ion gradients for bioelectricity
, ion gradients for "secondary active transport"
✔✔in secondary active transport movement is _______ - ✔✔coupled
✔✔secondary active transport is also called - ✔✔co-transporter or symporter
✔✔active transport results in the _______ distribution of molecules in/out of cells -
✔✔uneven
✔✔what are the types of active transport and what are they powered by - ✔✔active
transport of molecules can be either primarily or indirectly (secondarily) powered by
ATP
✔✔the pump/leak model has ________ and ______ transport events - ✔✔simultaneous
and independent
✔✔what are the 3 primary forces involved in physiological functions - ✔✔pressure,
electrical, and chemical
✔✔what is the electrochemical driving force - ✔✔the sum of electrical and chemical
forces. can be in the same or opposite directions
✔✔electrochemical driving forces in a membrane are permeable to _______ - ✔✔only
one ion species
✔✔there is no voltage difference without _________ - ✔✔movement
✔✔concentration gradient is caused by ________ gradient - ✔✔electrical
✔✔concentration gradient (decreases/increases) and electrical gradient
(decreases/increases) as ________ - ✔✔concentration gradient decreases and
electrical gradient increases as more ions flow through leak channels
✔✔the concentration gradient is ________________ to the electrical gradient - ✔✔the
concentration gradient is equal and opposite to the electrical gradient
✔✔electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeable ion species is
controlled by the _____________ - ✔✔concentration gradient
✔✔the ________ is the potential that arises at equilibrium at a time where there is
__________ when the electrical and chemical forces are ____________ - ✔✔the
voltage is the potential that arises at equilibrium at a time when there is no further
change when the electrical and chemical forces are equal and opposite
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔types of membrane transport pathways - ✔✔simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
secondary active transport
primary active transport
✔✔types of membrane transport proteins - ✔✔channels and transporters
✔✔types of channel pathways - ✔✔ion and water channels
✔✔types of transport pathways - ✔✔solute carriers and pumps
✔✔passive types of transport - ✔✔simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
✔✔active types of transport - ✔✔secondary active transport and primary active
transport
✔✔types of facilitated transport - ✔✔ion and water channels and solute carriers
✔✔passive transport goes from _____ concentration to ____ concentration - ✔✔high
concentration to low concentration
✔✔active transport goes from ______ concentration to _____ concentration - ✔✔low
concentration to high concentration
✔✔primary active transport is the site of ________ - ✔✔ATP hydrolysis
✔✔T/F: a solute can fall into two transport categories - ✔✔true; some passive some
active depending on the carriers
✔✔what is simple passive diffusion - ✔✔movement path across a membrane lipids
does not involve a protein
✔✔ions are ______ polarized and don't interact with _________ - ✔✔ions are highly
polarized and don't interact with lipids
✔✔Easy movement across membrane ----> no movement - ✔✔hydrophobic molecules:
O2, CO2, N2
small uncharged polar molecules: glycerol
large uncharged polar molecules: glucose, sucrose (NO MOVEMENT)
Ions: H+, Na+, HCO-, K+, Ca++, Cl-, Mg++ (NO MOVEMENT)
,✔✔electrolyte concentrations are ______ distributes between cells and extracellular
fluids - ✔✔unevenly
✔✔the lipid component of plasma membranes form a barrier separating __________
from __________ - ✔✔intracellular space from extracellular space
✔✔channels are (passive/active) - ✔✔passive
✔✔T/F: channels do not have carrier specificity - ✔✔false; channels DO have carrier
specificity
✔✔channels move from areas of ________ concentration to _________ concentration -
✔✔high concentration to low concentration
✔✔in channel transport the molecule acts like a ______ and comes in contact with the
______ receptor binding site that acts like a _______ and will "______________" -
✔✔in channel transport the molecule acts like a key and comes in contact with the
ligand receptor binding site that acts like a lock and will "unlock" or "lock" the gate
✔✔leak channels are ________ - ✔✔continuously open
✔✔___________________ sense the change in voltage or electrical potential across
the membrane - ✔✔electrical field sensors
✔✔ion channel types - ✔✔ligand gated, voltage gated, leak, stretch activated
✔✔solute carriers are ________ transport - ✔✔facilitated
✔✔what kind of pump in the primary active transport pump - ✔✔Na+/K+_ATPase
✔✔describe the primary active transport pump - ✔✔hydrolysis of ATP causes 3 Na+
ions to move from inside to outside of the cell. occurs in exchange for two K+ ions from
outside the cell to inside the cell. then returns to the initial state
✔✔describe ATP in the primary active transport pump - ✔✔ATP --> ADP w/ phosphate -
-> phosphate is released
✔✔functions of primary active transporters (ATPases) - ✔✔pump electrolytes (ions) out
of one compartment into another
solute gradients for osmotic stability
ion gradients for bioelectricity
, ion gradients for "secondary active transport"
✔✔in secondary active transport movement is _______ - ✔✔coupled
✔✔secondary active transport is also called - ✔✔co-transporter or symporter
✔✔active transport results in the _______ distribution of molecules in/out of cells -
✔✔uneven
✔✔what are the types of active transport and what are they powered by - ✔✔active
transport of molecules can be either primarily or indirectly (secondarily) powered by
ATP
✔✔the pump/leak model has ________ and ______ transport events - ✔✔simultaneous
and independent
✔✔what are the 3 primary forces involved in physiological functions - ✔✔pressure,
electrical, and chemical
✔✔what is the electrochemical driving force - ✔✔the sum of electrical and chemical
forces. can be in the same or opposite directions
✔✔electrochemical driving forces in a membrane are permeable to _______ - ✔✔only
one ion species
✔✔there is no voltage difference without _________ - ✔✔movement
✔✔concentration gradient is caused by ________ gradient - ✔✔electrical
✔✔concentration gradient (decreases/increases) and electrical gradient
(decreases/increases) as ________ - ✔✔concentration gradient decreases and
electrical gradient increases as more ions flow through leak channels
✔✔the concentration gradient is ________________ to the electrical gradient - ✔✔the
concentration gradient is equal and opposite to the electrical gradient
✔✔electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeable ion species is
controlled by the _____________ - ✔✔concentration gradient
✔✔the ________ is the potential that arises at equilibrium at a time where there is
__________ when the electrical and chemical forces are ____________ - ✔✔the
voltage is the potential that arises at equilibrium at a time when there is no further
change when the electrical and chemical forces are equal and opposite
