GMS 6440 LATEST EXAM TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
SURE A+
✔✔ER and PR intracellular receptors are mostly.... - ✔✔nuclear
✔✔THR is located ____________ - ✔✔bound to the DNA in the nucleus
✔✔in the case of THR, it is already present in the ____________. in the absence of
____, it is bound to the __________ and acts as ___________.
_______ enters the target cell, enters the _______, and bind to the ______. after this
___________________ - ✔✔in the case of THR, it is already present in the nucleus. in
the absence of T3, it is bound to the DNA and acts as transcription repressor
T3 enters the target cell, enters the nucleus, and bind to the THR. after this transcription
is initiated
✔✔in the case of GR, it is maintained in the __________ in an ________ state, bound
to ___________. at this time there is no ________________
binding of _____________ to the GR results in ____________, translocation of the
____________ complex to the _________, ________ with another activated GR, DNA
binding and _____________ initiation - ✔✔in the case of GR, it is maintained in the
cytosol in an inactive state, bound to hsp90 (heat shock protein). at this time there is no
GR mediated transcription
binding of glucocorticoid (cortisol) to the GR results in dissociation from hsp90,
translocation of the hormone GR complex to the nucleus, dimerization with another
activated GR, DNA binding and transcription initiation
✔✔activation of steroid hormone/THR/VDR may elicit _______________ as opposed to
activation of transcription - ✔✔transcriptional repression
✔✔certain steroid hormones (ER and PR) have well described _____________
signaling actions via interaction with other signaling mechanisms (Src tyrosine kinase) -
✔✔certain steroid hormones (ER and PR) have well described non-genomic (rapid)
signaling actions via interaction with other signaling mechanisms (Src tyrosine kinase)
✔✔describe pseudohypoparathyroidism and where there is a problem - ✔✔there is a
problem at the G protein level
PTH normally acts at kidney and bone and exerts effects to increase blood calcium
levels. in patients with this disease it cannot do so because the G alpha proteins that
the PTH receptor normally signals through is defective
, cannot regulate calcium properly, are hypocalcemic
✔✔describe nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and where there is a problem - ✔✔problem
at the receptor level
ADH normally acts via its V2 receptors in the kidney collecting duct to increase water
reabsorption to blood. however, in this disease the V2 receptors may be defective, so
vasopressin cannot work, water is not reabsorbed and the patient produces large
volumes of dilute urine
✔✔describe hypothyroidism - ✔✔once cause is antibodies that inhibit TSH receptors on
thyroid cells. thus TSH cannot stimulate thyroid hormone production and secretion by
the thyroid gland and people with this disease have low blood levels of thyroid
hormones
✔✔ionotropic receptors signal via .... - ✔✔channel opening and ca++ and na+ entry into
the cell
✔✔catalytic receptor singling often requires _______ with subsequent activation of
___________________ that are either a part of the ______ or _________ -
✔✔dimerization; intracellular enzymes; receptor; closely associated
✔✔intracellular receptors may be located in the - ✔✔cytosol or nucles
✔✔intracellular receptor signaling results in - ✔✔transcriptional activation or repression
✔✔the nervous system can be divided into two anatomical components: - ✔✔central
nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
✔✔CNS consists of - ✔✔the brain and spinal cord
✔✔the major cell types in the CNS are - ✔✔neurons and glia cells
✔✔neuron communication is by - ✔✔action potential and neurotransmitter release
✔✔glia cells are - ✔✔support cells
✔✔glia cells consist of - ✔✔nuclei and tracts or pathways
✔✔nuclei are - ✔✔groups of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS with a central nucleus
✔✔tracts or pathways are - ✔✔groups of axons traveling together in the CNS
✔✔major cell types of the PNS are - ✔✔ganglia and nerves
SURE A+
✔✔ER and PR intracellular receptors are mostly.... - ✔✔nuclear
✔✔THR is located ____________ - ✔✔bound to the DNA in the nucleus
✔✔in the case of THR, it is already present in the ____________. in the absence of
____, it is bound to the __________ and acts as ___________.
_______ enters the target cell, enters the _______, and bind to the ______. after this
___________________ - ✔✔in the case of THR, it is already present in the nucleus. in
the absence of T3, it is bound to the DNA and acts as transcription repressor
T3 enters the target cell, enters the nucleus, and bind to the THR. after this transcription
is initiated
✔✔in the case of GR, it is maintained in the __________ in an ________ state, bound
to ___________. at this time there is no ________________
binding of _____________ to the GR results in ____________, translocation of the
____________ complex to the _________, ________ with another activated GR, DNA
binding and _____________ initiation - ✔✔in the case of GR, it is maintained in the
cytosol in an inactive state, bound to hsp90 (heat shock protein). at this time there is no
GR mediated transcription
binding of glucocorticoid (cortisol) to the GR results in dissociation from hsp90,
translocation of the hormone GR complex to the nucleus, dimerization with another
activated GR, DNA binding and transcription initiation
✔✔activation of steroid hormone/THR/VDR may elicit _______________ as opposed to
activation of transcription - ✔✔transcriptional repression
✔✔certain steroid hormones (ER and PR) have well described _____________
signaling actions via interaction with other signaling mechanisms (Src tyrosine kinase) -
✔✔certain steroid hormones (ER and PR) have well described non-genomic (rapid)
signaling actions via interaction with other signaling mechanisms (Src tyrosine kinase)
✔✔describe pseudohypoparathyroidism and where there is a problem - ✔✔there is a
problem at the G protein level
PTH normally acts at kidney and bone and exerts effects to increase blood calcium
levels. in patients with this disease it cannot do so because the G alpha proteins that
the PTH receptor normally signals through is defective
, cannot regulate calcium properly, are hypocalcemic
✔✔describe nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and where there is a problem - ✔✔problem
at the receptor level
ADH normally acts via its V2 receptors in the kidney collecting duct to increase water
reabsorption to blood. however, in this disease the V2 receptors may be defective, so
vasopressin cannot work, water is not reabsorbed and the patient produces large
volumes of dilute urine
✔✔describe hypothyroidism - ✔✔once cause is antibodies that inhibit TSH receptors on
thyroid cells. thus TSH cannot stimulate thyroid hormone production and secretion by
the thyroid gland and people with this disease have low blood levels of thyroid
hormones
✔✔ionotropic receptors signal via .... - ✔✔channel opening and ca++ and na+ entry into
the cell
✔✔catalytic receptor singling often requires _______ with subsequent activation of
___________________ that are either a part of the ______ or _________ -
✔✔dimerization; intracellular enzymes; receptor; closely associated
✔✔intracellular receptors may be located in the - ✔✔cytosol or nucles
✔✔intracellular receptor signaling results in - ✔✔transcriptional activation or repression
✔✔the nervous system can be divided into two anatomical components: - ✔✔central
nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
✔✔CNS consists of - ✔✔the brain and spinal cord
✔✔the major cell types in the CNS are - ✔✔neurons and glia cells
✔✔neuron communication is by - ✔✔action potential and neurotransmitter release
✔✔glia cells are - ✔✔support cells
✔✔glia cells consist of - ✔✔nuclei and tracts or pathways
✔✔nuclei are - ✔✔groups of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS with a central nucleus
✔✔tracts or pathways are - ✔✔groups of axons traveling together in the CNS
✔✔major cell types of the PNS are - ✔✔ganglia and nerves
