FNDH 400 CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ What does the liver secrete in carbohydrate excess?.
Answer: VLDL particles containing triglycerides.
◍ What products are absorbed after protein digestion?.
Answer: Amino acids and di/tripeptides.
◍ Which disease requires gluten avoidance?.
Answer: Celiac disease.
◍ T/F?Deamination results in the formation of carbon skeletons/keto acids and
ammonia which is packaged into urea in the liver..
Answer: False.Transamination, not deamination
◍ What is the Cori Cycle?.
Answer: Lactate from tissues converted back to glucose in the liver.
◍ Protein Turnover/Degradation.
Answer: liberation of amino acids from proteins
◍ Type 1 Diabetes.
Answer: limited insulin is released and as a result not enough GLUT4 makes
it to the surface of muscle and adipose tissue and therefore no glucose can
be absorbed - 5-10% of cases
◍ T/F?Individuals with Chron's disease need to avoid consuming gluten,
which is found in wheat products..
Answer: False.Celiac disease, not Chron's
◍ Hemorrhoids.
Answer: Inflamed veins by the anus
◍ Does the Cori Cycle operate during very low carbohydrate intake?.
, Answer: Yes, but reduced.
◍ What does hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) do?.
Answer: Releases fatty acids from stored triglycerides in adipose tissue
during fasting.
◍ Red Blood Cells metabolic functions.
Answer: Glycolysis Lactate production
◍ During fasting, what does adipose release?.
Answer: Free fatty acids and glycerol.
◍ What hormone stimulates adipose lipolysis?.
Answer: Glucagon (and epinephrine).
◍ Glycogenolysis.
Answer: (anabolic state) - glycogen breakdowno Glycogen → glucose 1
phosphate → glucose 6 phosphate
◍ Which tissues do not perform beta-oxidation?.
Answer: RBCs and brain (minimal).
◍ Muscle metabolic functions.
Answer: Glycogen synthesis/breakdown Glycolysis Protein
synthesis/breakdown Triglyceride synthesis/breakdown Fatty acid
breakdown Lactate synthesis
◍ T/F?Threonine is metabolized to pyruvate and succinyl-CoA (citric acid
cycle intermediate), it is thus classified as a glucogenic and ketogenic amino
acid..
Answer: False.just glucogenic, not ketogenic
◍ facilitated diffusion.
Answer: Like simple diffusion but it requires a carrier protein to help it cross
◍ What process breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA?.
Answer: Beta-oxidation.
◍ Which food causes the highest glycemic response?.
, Answer: The food with the highest glycemic load (GL).
◍ T/F?Consuming a low fiber diet increases your risk of developing peptic
ulcers and hemorrhoids..
Answer: False.Consuming a low fiber diet increases your risk of developing
diverticulosis and hemorrhoids.
◍ Glycolysis.
Answer: (catabolic state) - glucose (6C) breakdown to 2 pyruvate (3C)o
Produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH
◍ T/F?LDL are released from the liver, containing more triglycerides, are
larger and denser than VLD
L. .
Answer: Smaller and denser, not larger
◍ Glucogenic v. ketogenic amino acids.
Answer: Glucogenic AA - can be converted to pyruvate or CA cycle
intermediateKetogenic AA - can be converted to acetyl CoA\
◍ Alanine can be metabolized to pyruvate, thus it is a ____________ amino
acid..
Answer: glucogenic
◍ What products are absorbed after starch digestion?.
Answer: Glucose, galactose, fructose.
◍ What is de novo lipogenesis?.
Answer: Synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA.
◍ LDL is more dense and more cholesterol rich than VLDL because it is
formed from VLDL by.
Answer: triglycerides being cleaved from VLDL
◍ Which lipoprotein is released from the small intestine after consuming
long-chain fatty acids?.
Answer: Chylomicrons; they enter lymphatics and transport dietary
triglycerides.
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ What does the liver secrete in carbohydrate excess?.
Answer: VLDL particles containing triglycerides.
◍ What products are absorbed after protein digestion?.
Answer: Amino acids and di/tripeptides.
◍ Which disease requires gluten avoidance?.
Answer: Celiac disease.
◍ T/F?Deamination results in the formation of carbon skeletons/keto acids and
ammonia which is packaged into urea in the liver..
Answer: False.Transamination, not deamination
◍ What is the Cori Cycle?.
Answer: Lactate from tissues converted back to glucose in the liver.
◍ Protein Turnover/Degradation.
Answer: liberation of amino acids from proteins
◍ Type 1 Diabetes.
Answer: limited insulin is released and as a result not enough GLUT4 makes
it to the surface of muscle and adipose tissue and therefore no glucose can
be absorbed - 5-10% of cases
◍ T/F?Individuals with Chron's disease need to avoid consuming gluten,
which is found in wheat products..
Answer: False.Celiac disease, not Chron's
◍ Hemorrhoids.
Answer: Inflamed veins by the anus
◍ Does the Cori Cycle operate during very low carbohydrate intake?.
, Answer: Yes, but reduced.
◍ What does hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) do?.
Answer: Releases fatty acids from stored triglycerides in adipose tissue
during fasting.
◍ Red Blood Cells metabolic functions.
Answer: Glycolysis Lactate production
◍ During fasting, what does adipose release?.
Answer: Free fatty acids and glycerol.
◍ What hormone stimulates adipose lipolysis?.
Answer: Glucagon (and epinephrine).
◍ Glycogenolysis.
Answer: (anabolic state) - glycogen breakdowno Glycogen → glucose 1
phosphate → glucose 6 phosphate
◍ Which tissues do not perform beta-oxidation?.
Answer: RBCs and brain (minimal).
◍ Muscle metabolic functions.
Answer: Glycogen synthesis/breakdown Glycolysis Protein
synthesis/breakdown Triglyceride synthesis/breakdown Fatty acid
breakdown Lactate synthesis
◍ T/F?Threonine is metabolized to pyruvate and succinyl-CoA (citric acid
cycle intermediate), it is thus classified as a glucogenic and ketogenic amino
acid..
Answer: False.just glucogenic, not ketogenic
◍ facilitated diffusion.
Answer: Like simple diffusion but it requires a carrier protein to help it cross
◍ What process breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA?.
Answer: Beta-oxidation.
◍ Which food causes the highest glycemic response?.
, Answer: The food with the highest glycemic load (GL).
◍ T/F?Consuming a low fiber diet increases your risk of developing peptic
ulcers and hemorrhoids..
Answer: False.Consuming a low fiber diet increases your risk of developing
diverticulosis and hemorrhoids.
◍ Glycolysis.
Answer: (catabolic state) - glucose (6C) breakdown to 2 pyruvate (3C)o
Produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH
◍ T/F?LDL are released from the liver, containing more triglycerides, are
larger and denser than VLD
L. .
Answer: Smaller and denser, not larger
◍ Glucogenic v. ketogenic amino acids.
Answer: Glucogenic AA - can be converted to pyruvate or CA cycle
intermediateKetogenic AA - can be converted to acetyl CoA\
◍ Alanine can be metabolized to pyruvate, thus it is a ____________ amino
acid..
Answer: glucogenic
◍ What products are absorbed after starch digestion?.
Answer: Glucose, galactose, fructose.
◍ What is de novo lipogenesis?.
Answer: Synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA.
◍ LDL is more dense and more cholesterol rich than VLDL because it is
formed from VLDL by.
Answer: triglycerides being cleaved from VLDL
◍ Which lipoprotein is released from the small intestine after consuming
long-chain fatty acids?.
Answer: Chylomicrons; they enter lymphatics and transport dietary
triglycerides.
