WGU D312 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 7
2026 FULL SOLVED QUESTIONS ANSWERS
CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
REVIEW SHEET
◉ Which part of the plasma membrane binds a specific molecule
outside the cell?
Answer: Receptor
A receptor is a type of recognition protein that can selectively bind a
specific molecule outside the cell, and this binding induces a
chemical reaction within the cell.
◉ What does it mean if an anatomical structure is caudal?
Answer: If an anatomical structure is described as caudal, it means it
is located towards the tail or lower part of the body. In humans, this
typically refers to a position closer to the feet or the lower end of the
spine.
For example, the legs are caudal to the arms, meaning they are
situated lower on the body compared to the arms.
◉ What is the role of an effector in a negative feedback system?
,Answer: In a negative feedback system, the effector plays a crucial
role in maintaining homeostasis by carrying out the response to a
stimulus. Here's how it works:
Detection: A receptor detects a change in a physiological variable
(e.g., temperature, blood sugar levels).
Signal Processing: The control center (often the brain or endocrine
glands) processes this information and determines the appropriate
response.
Action: The effector enacts the response to counteract the initial
change and bring the variable back to its set point.
For example, if your body temperature drops, the effector (such as
muscles shivering) generates heat to raise your body temperature
back to normal.
◉ What is the correct order of the epidermis layer arranged from
deep to superficial?
Answer: 1. Stratum basale (or stratum germinativum)
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin, such as the palms and
soles)
5. Stratum corneum
◉ Which skin layer contains Langerhans cells?
,Answer: Langerhans cells are primarily found in the stratum
spinosum layer of the epidermis. These cells play a key role in the
skin's immune defense by acting as antigen-presenting cells, which
help detect and fight pathogens.
◉ Which degree of burn affects the underlying bones and muscles?
Answer: Fourth-degree burns are the most severe and affect not only
all layers of the skin but also the underlying bones, muscles, and
tendons. These burns often appear charred or white and are
typically painless because the nerve endings are destroyed.
◉ Which part of the long bone has an epiphyseal line?
Answer: The epiphyseal line is located at the junction between the
diaphysis (the shaft or central part of the bone) and the epiphysis
(the end part of the bone) in long bones. This line is a remnant of the
epiphyseal plate (growth plate) and indicates that the bone has
completed its growth in length.
◉ Which suture is present between the left and right parietal lobes?
Answer: The suture present between the left and right parietal lobes
is the sagittal suture. This suture runs along the midline of the skull,
connecting the two parietal bones.
◉ Which two bones form the pectoral girdle?
, Answer: The pectoral girdle, also known as the shoulder girdle, is
formed by two bones: the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula
(shoulder blade). These bones work together to connect the upper
limb to the axial skeleton and provide a wide range of motion for the
shoulder and arm.
◉ What are the periodic invaginations in sarcolemma called?
Answer: The periodic invaginations in the sarcolemma are called T-
tubules (transverse tubules). These structures play a crucial role in
conducting electrical impulses from the surface of the muscle fiber
to its interior, ensuring that the muscle contracts efficiently and
uniformly.
◉ Which medially placed group of muscles is part of the erector
spinae?
Answer: The spinalis muscles are the most medially placed group
within the erector spinae muscle group. These muscles are located
closest to the spine and are responsible for extending and laterally
flexing the cervical and thoracic regions of the spine.
◉ Which thigh muscle is situated below the adductor longus?
Answer: The muscle situated below the adductor longus is the
adductor magnus. This muscle is a large, triangular muscle located
in the medial compartment of the thigh and plays a significant role
in adducting and medially rotating the thigh
2026 FULL SOLVED QUESTIONS ANSWERS
CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
REVIEW SHEET
◉ Which part of the plasma membrane binds a specific molecule
outside the cell?
Answer: Receptor
A receptor is a type of recognition protein that can selectively bind a
specific molecule outside the cell, and this binding induces a
chemical reaction within the cell.
◉ What does it mean if an anatomical structure is caudal?
Answer: If an anatomical structure is described as caudal, it means it
is located towards the tail or lower part of the body. In humans, this
typically refers to a position closer to the feet or the lower end of the
spine.
For example, the legs are caudal to the arms, meaning they are
situated lower on the body compared to the arms.
◉ What is the role of an effector in a negative feedback system?
,Answer: In a negative feedback system, the effector plays a crucial
role in maintaining homeostasis by carrying out the response to a
stimulus. Here's how it works:
Detection: A receptor detects a change in a physiological variable
(e.g., temperature, blood sugar levels).
Signal Processing: The control center (often the brain or endocrine
glands) processes this information and determines the appropriate
response.
Action: The effector enacts the response to counteract the initial
change and bring the variable back to its set point.
For example, if your body temperature drops, the effector (such as
muscles shivering) generates heat to raise your body temperature
back to normal.
◉ What is the correct order of the epidermis layer arranged from
deep to superficial?
Answer: 1. Stratum basale (or stratum germinativum)
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin, such as the palms and
soles)
5. Stratum corneum
◉ Which skin layer contains Langerhans cells?
,Answer: Langerhans cells are primarily found in the stratum
spinosum layer of the epidermis. These cells play a key role in the
skin's immune defense by acting as antigen-presenting cells, which
help detect and fight pathogens.
◉ Which degree of burn affects the underlying bones and muscles?
Answer: Fourth-degree burns are the most severe and affect not only
all layers of the skin but also the underlying bones, muscles, and
tendons. These burns often appear charred or white and are
typically painless because the nerve endings are destroyed.
◉ Which part of the long bone has an epiphyseal line?
Answer: The epiphyseal line is located at the junction between the
diaphysis (the shaft or central part of the bone) and the epiphysis
(the end part of the bone) in long bones. This line is a remnant of the
epiphyseal plate (growth plate) and indicates that the bone has
completed its growth in length.
◉ Which suture is present between the left and right parietal lobes?
Answer: The suture present between the left and right parietal lobes
is the sagittal suture. This suture runs along the midline of the skull,
connecting the two parietal bones.
◉ Which two bones form the pectoral girdle?
, Answer: The pectoral girdle, also known as the shoulder girdle, is
formed by two bones: the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula
(shoulder blade). These bones work together to connect the upper
limb to the axial skeleton and provide a wide range of motion for the
shoulder and arm.
◉ What are the periodic invaginations in sarcolemma called?
Answer: The periodic invaginations in the sarcolemma are called T-
tubules (transverse tubules). These structures play a crucial role in
conducting electrical impulses from the surface of the muscle fiber
to its interior, ensuring that the muscle contracts efficiently and
uniformly.
◉ Which medially placed group of muscles is part of the erector
spinae?
Answer: The spinalis muscles are the most medially placed group
within the erector spinae muscle group. These muscles are located
closest to the spine and are responsible for extending and laterally
flexing the cervical and thoracic regions of the spine.
◉ Which thigh muscle is situated below the adductor longus?
Answer: The muscle situated below the adductor longus is the
adductor magnus. This muscle is a large, triangular muscle located
in the medial compartment of the thigh and plays a significant role
in adducting and medially rotating the thigh
