BIOLOGY 1201 LATEST COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Electrochemical gradient - ✔✔The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by
both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and
the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force).
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from
the region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration, moves down
concentration gradient
✔✔Hypertonic - ✔✔Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.
✔✔Hypotonic - ✔✔Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
✔✔Isotonic - ✔✔when the concentration of two solutions is the same
✔✔Electrical force - ✔✔the effect of the membrane potential on the ion's movement
✔✔Concentration gradient - ✔✔A region along which the density of a chemical
substance increases or decreases.
✔✔Cells without cell wall - ✔✔Shrivel in hypertonic solution, and lose in hypotonic
solution
✔✔Metabolism - ✔✔the totality of an organism's chemical reactions
✔✔Metabolic pathway - ✔✔begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product,
each step catalyzed by a specific enzyme
, ✔✔first law of thermodynamics - ✔✔Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it
cannot be created or destroyed.
✔✔second law of thermodynamics - ✔✔Every energy transfer or transformation
increases the entropy of the universe.
✔✔Entropy - ✔✔A measure of disorder or randomness.
✔✔Spontaneous reaction - ✔✔Release free energy (exergonic)
✔✔Non-spontaneous reaction - ✔✔requires free energy (endergonic)
✔✔Free energy (G) - ✔✔The portion of a system's energy that can perform work
✔✔Gfinal> Ginitial - ✔✔Endergonic, non spontaneous
✔✔GInitial>Gfinal - ✔✔Exergonic, spontaneous
✔✔In catalysis - ✔✔enzymes or other catalysts speed up specific reactions by lowering
the EA barrier
✔✔Transition state - ✔✔Exists at a higher energy state than the reactants, EA is always
positive, high energy, unable state
✔✔activation energy (Ea) - ✔✔energy needed to start a chemical reaction
✔✔cellular respiration - ✔✔Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and
other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
✔✔REDOX - ✔✔The chemical reasction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the
reducing agent is oxidized is
✔✔Glycolysis - ✔✔Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, occurs in the
cytoplasm, energy investment and payoff phase
✔✔energy investment phase - ✔✔Phase of Glycolysis that has two ATP molecules are
hydrolyzed, and the phosphates from those ATP molecules are attached to glucose,
which is converted into fructose-1,6 bisphosphate.
✔✔energy payoff phase - ✔✔in this part of glycolysis, the cell produces 4 ATP, 2NADH,
and 2H+
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Electrochemical gradient - ✔✔The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by
both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and
the ion's tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force).
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from
the region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration, moves down
concentration gradient
✔✔Hypertonic - ✔✔Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.
✔✔Hypotonic - ✔✔Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
✔✔Isotonic - ✔✔when the concentration of two solutions is the same
✔✔Electrical force - ✔✔the effect of the membrane potential on the ion's movement
✔✔Concentration gradient - ✔✔A region along which the density of a chemical
substance increases or decreases.
✔✔Cells without cell wall - ✔✔Shrivel in hypertonic solution, and lose in hypotonic
solution
✔✔Metabolism - ✔✔the totality of an organism's chemical reactions
✔✔Metabolic pathway - ✔✔begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product,
each step catalyzed by a specific enzyme
, ✔✔first law of thermodynamics - ✔✔Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it
cannot be created or destroyed.
✔✔second law of thermodynamics - ✔✔Every energy transfer or transformation
increases the entropy of the universe.
✔✔Entropy - ✔✔A measure of disorder or randomness.
✔✔Spontaneous reaction - ✔✔Release free energy (exergonic)
✔✔Non-spontaneous reaction - ✔✔requires free energy (endergonic)
✔✔Free energy (G) - ✔✔The portion of a system's energy that can perform work
✔✔Gfinal> Ginitial - ✔✔Endergonic, non spontaneous
✔✔GInitial>Gfinal - ✔✔Exergonic, spontaneous
✔✔In catalysis - ✔✔enzymes or other catalysts speed up specific reactions by lowering
the EA barrier
✔✔Transition state - ✔✔Exists at a higher energy state than the reactants, EA is always
positive, high energy, unable state
✔✔activation energy (Ea) - ✔✔energy needed to start a chemical reaction
✔✔cellular respiration - ✔✔Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and
other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
✔✔REDOX - ✔✔The chemical reasction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the
reducing agent is oxidized is
✔✔Glycolysis - ✔✔Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, occurs in the
cytoplasm, energy investment and payoff phase
✔✔energy investment phase - ✔✔Phase of Glycolysis that has two ATP molecules are
hydrolyzed, and the phosphates from those ATP molecules are attached to glucose,
which is converted into fructose-1,6 bisphosphate.
✔✔energy payoff phase - ✔✔in this part of glycolysis, the cell produces 4 ATP, 2NADH,
and 2H+
