ABO ADVANCED HIGH-YIELD TOPICS
SUMMARY 2026
◉ Where do images come to focus for Hyperopia?
Answer: BEHIND the retina
◉ What is Hyperopia also referred to?
Answer: Farsighted or Long Sight
◉ Curvature Hyperopia
Answer: Due to the Cornea or Crystalline Lens being too flat for the
axial length of the eye
◉ Chart Abbreviations:
VA
Answer: Visual Acuity
◉ Chart Abbreviations:
Cc
Answer: With Correction
,◉ Chart Abbreviations:
Sc
Answer: Without Correction
◉ Chart Abbreviations:
N
Answer: Near
◉ Chart Abbreviations:
D
Answer: Distance
◉ Chart Abbreviations:
PH
Answer: Pinhole
◉ Chart Abbreviations:
J
Answer: Jaeger Notation
◉ Each letter on an acuity chart subtends a _____ angle to the eye at a
given distance.
,Answer: 5 Minute Angle
◉ If a patient is NLP or No Light Perception they are?
Answer: Totally blind
◉ What is the purpose of Keratometry?
Answer: To assess the curvature and toricity of the cornea
◉ If the axis of the flattest meridian is 180 +/- 30 degrees, it is
considered __________?
Answer: With the Rule
◉ If the axis of the flattest meridian is 90 +/- 30 degrees, it is
considered __________?
Answer: Against the Rule
◉ If the axis is between 30 & 60 or 120 & 150, it is considered
__________?
Answer: Oblique
◉ What is the purpose of retinoscopy?
Answer: Objectively determine the refractive status of the patients
eyes
, ◉ If the operator is 66cm away from the patient, what would be the
compensation in Diopters?
Answer: 100/66 = +1.50D
◉ Jackson Cross Cylinder (JCC) Test
Answer: Refine both cylinder and axis and power.
◉ Mydriatic Drops act on the _____ causing the pupil to dilate.
Answer: Iris muscles
◉ Cycloplegic drops work on the _____ causing it to dilate and they
paralyze the ciliary muscle to inhibit ________?
Answer: Pupil, accommodation
◉ Miotics are used to stimulate the ___________ of the iris causing it to
______?
Answer: Sphincter Muscle, constrict
◉ Topical anesthetic are also used whe the doctor performs ______ or
______?
Answer: Surgery, removed foreign bodies
SUMMARY 2026
◉ Where do images come to focus for Hyperopia?
Answer: BEHIND the retina
◉ What is Hyperopia also referred to?
Answer: Farsighted or Long Sight
◉ Curvature Hyperopia
Answer: Due to the Cornea or Crystalline Lens being too flat for the
axial length of the eye
◉ Chart Abbreviations:
VA
Answer: Visual Acuity
◉ Chart Abbreviations:
Cc
Answer: With Correction
,◉ Chart Abbreviations:
Sc
Answer: Without Correction
◉ Chart Abbreviations:
N
Answer: Near
◉ Chart Abbreviations:
D
Answer: Distance
◉ Chart Abbreviations:
PH
Answer: Pinhole
◉ Chart Abbreviations:
J
Answer: Jaeger Notation
◉ Each letter on an acuity chart subtends a _____ angle to the eye at a
given distance.
,Answer: 5 Minute Angle
◉ If a patient is NLP or No Light Perception they are?
Answer: Totally blind
◉ What is the purpose of Keratometry?
Answer: To assess the curvature and toricity of the cornea
◉ If the axis of the flattest meridian is 180 +/- 30 degrees, it is
considered __________?
Answer: With the Rule
◉ If the axis of the flattest meridian is 90 +/- 30 degrees, it is
considered __________?
Answer: Against the Rule
◉ If the axis is between 30 & 60 or 120 & 150, it is considered
__________?
Answer: Oblique
◉ What is the purpose of retinoscopy?
Answer: Objectively determine the refractive status of the patients
eyes
, ◉ If the operator is 66cm away from the patient, what would be the
compensation in Diopters?
Answer: 100/66 = +1.50D
◉ Jackson Cross Cylinder (JCC) Test
Answer: Refine both cylinder and axis and power.
◉ Mydriatic Drops act on the _____ causing the pupil to dilate.
Answer: Iris muscles
◉ Cycloplegic drops work on the _____ causing it to dilate and they
paralyze the ciliary muscle to inhibit ________?
Answer: Pupil, accommodation
◉ Miotics are used to stimulate the ___________ of the iris causing it to
______?
Answer: Sphincter Muscle, constrict
◉ Topical anesthetic are also used whe the doctor performs ______ or
______?
Answer: Surgery, removed foreign bodies
