NU 327 Patho Exam 4 Study Guide Questions
and Answers with Complete Solutions | 2026
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Terms in this set (67)
what is heart failure? inability of the heart to maintain sufficient cardiac
output to optimally meet the metabolic demands
of tissues and organs
what is cardiac output? the volume of blood the left ventricle pumps per
minute
what is the formula for cardiac CO=HRxSV
output?
what is ejection fraction? the percent of blood ejected from the left
ventricle during systole
what is normal ejection fraction? 60-70%
,what is contractility? how forceful the chambers squeeze blood
(ability to stretch and contract)
what is preload? the volume the heart chambers have to pump
what is afterload? the resistance the chambers have to push against
to eject blood
what are the mechanisms for RAAS
cardiovascular regulation? -raises BP
-increases blood volume
in heart failure, the RAAS continually cycles and
weakening the heart
increases resistance (afterload)
increased workload
ventricular remodeling weakens the heart
what are natriuretic peptides? -increased water and sodium retention raises
blood volume
-high volume stretches atrial chambers
-activates release of natriuretic peptides
-induces natriuresis: increased excretion of
sodium and water
-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) B-type
natriuretic peptide (BNP)
** elevated BNP is diagnostic of heart failure
what is diagnostic for heart failure? elevated BNP
, what is antidiuretic hormone produced by the pituitary gland that normally
(ADH)? helps reabsorb water back into the bloodstream
-decreased tissue perfusion
-release of ADH from posterior pituitary
-water resorption into the bloodstream
-vasoconstrictor effects
what is autonomic nervous system? responsible for control of the bodily functions
not consciously directed, such as breathing, the
heartbeat, and digestive processes
-parasympathetic nervous system: cholinergic
receptors, slow HR, decrease force of
contraction
-sympathetic nervous system: alpha-adrenergic
receptors (vasoconstriction), beta-1 adrenergic
receptors (increase HR, strengthen force of
contraction)
and Answers with Complete Solutions | 2026
Update
Save
Terms in this set (67)
what is heart failure? inability of the heart to maintain sufficient cardiac
output to optimally meet the metabolic demands
of tissues and organs
what is cardiac output? the volume of blood the left ventricle pumps per
minute
what is the formula for cardiac CO=HRxSV
output?
what is ejection fraction? the percent of blood ejected from the left
ventricle during systole
what is normal ejection fraction? 60-70%
,what is contractility? how forceful the chambers squeeze blood
(ability to stretch and contract)
what is preload? the volume the heart chambers have to pump
what is afterload? the resistance the chambers have to push against
to eject blood
what are the mechanisms for RAAS
cardiovascular regulation? -raises BP
-increases blood volume
in heart failure, the RAAS continually cycles and
weakening the heart
increases resistance (afterload)
increased workload
ventricular remodeling weakens the heart
what are natriuretic peptides? -increased water and sodium retention raises
blood volume
-high volume stretches atrial chambers
-activates release of natriuretic peptides
-induces natriuresis: increased excretion of
sodium and water
-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) B-type
natriuretic peptide (BNP)
** elevated BNP is diagnostic of heart failure
what is diagnostic for heart failure? elevated BNP
, what is antidiuretic hormone produced by the pituitary gland that normally
(ADH)? helps reabsorb water back into the bloodstream
-decreased tissue perfusion
-release of ADH from posterior pituitary
-water resorption into the bloodstream
-vasoconstrictor effects
what is autonomic nervous system? responsible for control of the bodily functions
not consciously directed, such as breathing, the
heartbeat, and digestive processes
-parasympathetic nervous system: cholinergic
receptors, slow HR, decrease force of
contraction
-sympathetic nervous system: alpha-adrenergic
receptors (vasoconstriction), beta-1 adrenergic
receptors (increase HR, strengthen force of
contraction)
