NSG 349 PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1
Pharmacokinetics - Answers - The study of what the BODY does to the DRUG
Pharmacokinetics Goal - Answers - Goal: How much of a drug is needed to reach its
target in the body?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Intravenous (IV) Route - Answers - Fastest Route for delivery into blood circulation
Organ most responsible for the metabolism of drugs - Answers - liver
How drugs leave the body - Answers - RENAL excretion (urine)-main way
Bowel excretion (bile)
Exhalation
half-life - Answers - time required for half of a given drug to be removed from the body
Therapeutic drug monitoring - Answers - used to help maintain drug levels within the
therapeutic window
therapeutic window - Answers - concentration range in which a drug exerts its clinical
effect with minimal adverse effects for most patients
Pharmacotherapeutics- what is the end goal of the drug therapy? - Answers - Acute:
Vasopressors to maintain BP
Maintenance: oral contraceptives for birth control
Supplemental: Insulin to diabetics, Iron to anemics
Palliative: High dose opioid analgesics for end-stage Ca
Supportive: Giving blood during surgery
Prophylactic: Preventative vaccinations
Pharmacotherapeutics- Monitoring: - Answers - Therapeutic Index
Drug Concentrations
Patient's Condition
Tolerance and Dependence
Interactions
Adverse effects
Toxic effects
, Pharmacotherapeutics-tolerance and dependence - Answers - Tolerance: decreasing
response to repeated drug doses
Dependence: physiologic or psychological need for a drug
Physical dependence: physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal
symptoms
Psychological dependence: also known as addiction and is the obsessive desire for the
euphoric effects of a drug
Pharmacotherapeutics-interactions - Answers - Additive effects 1+1=2
Synergistic effects 1+1= >2
Antagonistic effects 1+1= <2
Incompatibility: IV drugs or NG/GT drugs
Pharmacotherapeutics-Adverse drug event - Answers - Adverse drug withdrawal event
Medication error
Adverse drug reaction: AT THERAPUTIC DOSAGES
pharmacologic, hypersensitivity, idiosyncratic, & drug interaction
Toxic effects: ABOVE THERAPEUTIC DOSAGES
Pharmacotherapeutics-Other Drug effects - Answers - Teratogenic: result in structural
defects in the fetus
Mutagenic: result in mutations of genetic composition
Carcinogenic: cancer-causing
Factors Affecting Pediatric Drug Dosages - Answers - skin is thin and permeable
stomach lacks acid to kill bacteria
lungs have weaker mucus barriers
body temperatures less well regulated, and dehydration easily occurs
liver and kidneys both immature, impairing drug metabolism and excretion
Older Adults: Medication Administration Considerations PT 1 - Answers - Age
Allergies to drugs and food
dietary habits
sensory, visual, hearing, cognitive, and motor skills deficits
financial status and limitations
list of all health-related care providers
Older Adults: Medication Administration Considerations PT 2 - Answers - listing of
medications
existence of polypharmacy
self-medication practices
Lab test results
History of smoking and use of alcohol
Risk situations related to drug therapy identified by the Beers criteria
Pharmacokinetics - Answers - The study of what the BODY does to the DRUG
Pharmacokinetics Goal - Answers - Goal: How much of a drug is needed to reach its
target in the body?
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Intravenous (IV) Route - Answers - Fastest Route for delivery into blood circulation
Organ most responsible for the metabolism of drugs - Answers - liver
How drugs leave the body - Answers - RENAL excretion (urine)-main way
Bowel excretion (bile)
Exhalation
half-life - Answers - time required for half of a given drug to be removed from the body
Therapeutic drug monitoring - Answers - used to help maintain drug levels within the
therapeutic window
therapeutic window - Answers - concentration range in which a drug exerts its clinical
effect with minimal adverse effects for most patients
Pharmacotherapeutics- what is the end goal of the drug therapy? - Answers - Acute:
Vasopressors to maintain BP
Maintenance: oral contraceptives for birth control
Supplemental: Insulin to diabetics, Iron to anemics
Palliative: High dose opioid analgesics for end-stage Ca
Supportive: Giving blood during surgery
Prophylactic: Preventative vaccinations
Pharmacotherapeutics- Monitoring: - Answers - Therapeutic Index
Drug Concentrations
Patient's Condition
Tolerance and Dependence
Interactions
Adverse effects
Toxic effects
, Pharmacotherapeutics-tolerance and dependence - Answers - Tolerance: decreasing
response to repeated drug doses
Dependence: physiologic or psychological need for a drug
Physical dependence: physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal
symptoms
Psychological dependence: also known as addiction and is the obsessive desire for the
euphoric effects of a drug
Pharmacotherapeutics-interactions - Answers - Additive effects 1+1=2
Synergistic effects 1+1= >2
Antagonistic effects 1+1= <2
Incompatibility: IV drugs or NG/GT drugs
Pharmacotherapeutics-Adverse drug event - Answers - Adverse drug withdrawal event
Medication error
Adverse drug reaction: AT THERAPUTIC DOSAGES
pharmacologic, hypersensitivity, idiosyncratic, & drug interaction
Toxic effects: ABOVE THERAPEUTIC DOSAGES
Pharmacotherapeutics-Other Drug effects - Answers - Teratogenic: result in structural
defects in the fetus
Mutagenic: result in mutations of genetic composition
Carcinogenic: cancer-causing
Factors Affecting Pediatric Drug Dosages - Answers - skin is thin and permeable
stomach lacks acid to kill bacteria
lungs have weaker mucus barriers
body temperatures less well regulated, and dehydration easily occurs
liver and kidneys both immature, impairing drug metabolism and excretion
Older Adults: Medication Administration Considerations PT 1 - Answers - Age
Allergies to drugs and food
dietary habits
sensory, visual, hearing, cognitive, and motor skills deficits
financial status and limitations
list of all health-related care providers
Older Adults: Medication Administration Considerations PT 2 - Answers - listing of
medications
existence of polypharmacy
self-medication practices
Lab test results
History of smoking and use of alcohol
Risk situations related to drug therapy identified by the Beers criteria
