CPCE Helping Relationships Exam
Questions and Answers
4 Key Elements in Building a Counseling Relationship - ANS-a. Human relations core:
empathy, respect and genuineness as identified by Carl Rogers.
b. Social influence core: competence, power and intimacy. Expertness, attractiveness,
and trustworthiness were identified by Stanley Strong in his social influence model.
c. Skills core: Allen Ivey identified microskills—communication skill units such as
attending, inquiry and reflection.
d. Theory core: These help the counselor understand self and interpersonal
relationships and skills. They also help to understand the problems of clients and help to
choose interventions that are likely to be effective with the identified problems.
Psychoanalytic Theory - ANS-Sigmund Freud. Freud identified a structure of
personality, namely, the id, ego and superego. Unconscious motivation or energy is the
id ruled by the pleasure principle. The ego is controlled by the reality principle; the
superego is internalized ethics. Therapy techniques include; free association,
interpretation of dreams and other client material.
Transference (projections onto therapist) must be worked through.
Countertransference consists of projections of the therapist onto the patient.
Neo-Freudians - ANS-A number of psychoanalysts moved away from Freud's emphasis
on the id as
the dominant psychological force and placed more emphasis on the ego, including both
psychodynamic and sociodynamic forces.
Otto Rank, Wilheim Reich, and Theodore Reik (Carl Jung and Alfred Adler as well)
Karen Horney - ANS-Neo-Freudian.
Security is each person's major motivation and the person becomes anxious when it is
not achieved. Irrational ways to mend disrupted human relationships may become
neurotic needs.
Erich Fromm - ANS-Neo-Freudian.
The individual must join with others to develop self-fulfillment -social character -
otherwise she or he may become lonely and nonproductive.
,Society offers opportunities to experience mutual love and respect.
Harry Stack Sullivan - ANS-Neo-Freudian.
A social systems (interpersonal) approach can lead to understanding human behavior.
Behavior can best be understood in terms of social interactions, not as mechanistic and
linear.
Object Relations Theory - ANS-Object relations theory is based on psychoanalytic
concepts.
Object relations are interpersonal relationships as represented intrapsychically.
Freud used the term object to mean a significant person or thing that is the object or
target of one's feelings or drives.
Object relations are interpersonal relationships that shape an individual's current
interactions with people, both in reality and in fantasy.
Margaret Mahler wrote Psychological Birth of the Human Infant. Heinz Kohut and Otto
Kemberg are other writers in this area.
Object Relations Theory: 4 Stages of Development - ANS-Important in the first 3 years
of life:
a. Fusion with mother: normal infantile autism (first 3 to 4 weeks of life)
b. Symbiosis: with mother (3rd to 8th month)
c. Separation/Individuation: (starts the 4th or 5th month)
d. Constancy of self and object: (by the 36th month)
Progressing through these stages provides the child a secure base for later
development. The child develops trust that his or her needs will be met.
Attachment, borderline and narcissistic disorders may occur when normal progression
through these stages does not occur.
Person-Centered (Client-Centered) - ANS-Carl Rogers reacted against the directive
psychoanalytic approach which put the counselor in charge of giving advice, teaching
and interpreting. His focus was more on the person's phenomenological world reflecting
and clarifying their verbal and nonverbal communication.
The process of becoming, moving clients to self-actualization, and the relationship
between client and counselor were critical concepts.
The focus of counseling went from past to present and was on feelings.
The counselor showed: unconditional positive regard, genuineness (congruence), and
emphatic understanding. These are the core or facilitative conditions of effective
counseling.
, Rogers' principal books are: Counseling and Psychotherapy (1942), Client Centered
Therapy (1951), and On Becoming A Person (1961).
Gestalt Therapy - ANS-Fritz Perls. This approach is based on existential principles, has
a here-and-now focus, and a holistic systems theory viewpoint. Individuals experience
needs. To the extent a need is in the forefront, it represents the 'figure' and other needs
are 'ground,' i.e., in the background. As the need is met, it completes the 'gestalt' and a
new need takes it place. The goal for individuals in therapy is to become whole beings,
to complete 'gestalts.' Key concepts in the theory include personal responsibility,
unfinished business, and awareness of the 'now.'
This is an experiential therapy, encouraging the taking of responsibility by the client.
The counselor uses confrontation and encourages the client to stay with feelings and to
relive experiences and finish business. Role playing, two-chair techniques, and dream
work are used. Interpretation is done by the client not by the counselor. Peris wrote:
Gestalt Therapy Verbatim and In And Out ofthe Garbage Can.
Individual Psychology - ANS-Alfred Adler and Rudolph Dreikurs.
The belief in the uniqueness of each individual is influenced by social factors.
Each person has a sense of inferiority and strives for superiority.
We choose a lifestyle, a unified life plan, which gives meaning to our experiences which
include habits, family, career, attitudes, etc.
Counseling goals are to help the client understand lifestyle and identify appropriate
social and community interests. Also, counseling strives to explain clients to themselves
and for them to overcome inferiority.
Techniques used are those leading to insight such as life histories, homework
assignments and paradoxical intentions.
Transactional Analysis - ANS-Eric Berne.
The personality has three ego states: Parent, Adult, and Child.
A life script develops in childhood and influences a person's behavior. Many
transactions with others can be characterized as games with the intent to avoid
intimacy.
Complementary transactions (Adult to Adult) lead to good communication.
Crossed transactions (Adult to Child & ChHd to Parent) lead to barriers to
communication.
The goal of therapy is to teach the client the language and ideas of TA in order to
recognize ego state functioning and analyze one's transactions.
Techniques include teaching concepts, helping diagnose, interpretation, and use of
contracts and confrontation.
Berne wrote: Games People Play.
Thomas Harris wrote: Pm OK-You're OK.
Existential Therapy - ANS-Notables: Rollo May, Victor Frankl, Irvin Yalom.
Other existentialists include: Soren Kierkegaard, Paul Tilhch, Martin Heidegger, and
Jean Paul Satre.
Phenomenology is the basis of existential therapy.
Questions and Answers
4 Key Elements in Building a Counseling Relationship - ANS-a. Human relations core:
empathy, respect and genuineness as identified by Carl Rogers.
b. Social influence core: competence, power and intimacy. Expertness, attractiveness,
and trustworthiness were identified by Stanley Strong in his social influence model.
c. Skills core: Allen Ivey identified microskills—communication skill units such as
attending, inquiry and reflection.
d. Theory core: These help the counselor understand self and interpersonal
relationships and skills. They also help to understand the problems of clients and help to
choose interventions that are likely to be effective with the identified problems.
Psychoanalytic Theory - ANS-Sigmund Freud. Freud identified a structure of
personality, namely, the id, ego and superego. Unconscious motivation or energy is the
id ruled by the pleasure principle. The ego is controlled by the reality principle; the
superego is internalized ethics. Therapy techniques include; free association,
interpretation of dreams and other client material.
Transference (projections onto therapist) must be worked through.
Countertransference consists of projections of the therapist onto the patient.
Neo-Freudians - ANS-A number of psychoanalysts moved away from Freud's emphasis
on the id as
the dominant psychological force and placed more emphasis on the ego, including both
psychodynamic and sociodynamic forces.
Otto Rank, Wilheim Reich, and Theodore Reik (Carl Jung and Alfred Adler as well)
Karen Horney - ANS-Neo-Freudian.
Security is each person's major motivation and the person becomes anxious when it is
not achieved. Irrational ways to mend disrupted human relationships may become
neurotic needs.
Erich Fromm - ANS-Neo-Freudian.
The individual must join with others to develop self-fulfillment -social character -
otherwise she or he may become lonely and nonproductive.
,Society offers opportunities to experience mutual love and respect.
Harry Stack Sullivan - ANS-Neo-Freudian.
A social systems (interpersonal) approach can lead to understanding human behavior.
Behavior can best be understood in terms of social interactions, not as mechanistic and
linear.
Object Relations Theory - ANS-Object relations theory is based on psychoanalytic
concepts.
Object relations are interpersonal relationships as represented intrapsychically.
Freud used the term object to mean a significant person or thing that is the object or
target of one's feelings or drives.
Object relations are interpersonal relationships that shape an individual's current
interactions with people, both in reality and in fantasy.
Margaret Mahler wrote Psychological Birth of the Human Infant. Heinz Kohut and Otto
Kemberg are other writers in this area.
Object Relations Theory: 4 Stages of Development - ANS-Important in the first 3 years
of life:
a. Fusion with mother: normal infantile autism (first 3 to 4 weeks of life)
b. Symbiosis: with mother (3rd to 8th month)
c. Separation/Individuation: (starts the 4th or 5th month)
d. Constancy of self and object: (by the 36th month)
Progressing through these stages provides the child a secure base for later
development. The child develops trust that his or her needs will be met.
Attachment, borderline and narcissistic disorders may occur when normal progression
through these stages does not occur.
Person-Centered (Client-Centered) - ANS-Carl Rogers reacted against the directive
psychoanalytic approach which put the counselor in charge of giving advice, teaching
and interpreting. His focus was more on the person's phenomenological world reflecting
and clarifying their verbal and nonverbal communication.
The process of becoming, moving clients to self-actualization, and the relationship
between client and counselor were critical concepts.
The focus of counseling went from past to present and was on feelings.
The counselor showed: unconditional positive regard, genuineness (congruence), and
emphatic understanding. These are the core or facilitative conditions of effective
counseling.
, Rogers' principal books are: Counseling and Psychotherapy (1942), Client Centered
Therapy (1951), and On Becoming A Person (1961).
Gestalt Therapy - ANS-Fritz Perls. This approach is based on existential principles, has
a here-and-now focus, and a holistic systems theory viewpoint. Individuals experience
needs. To the extent a need is in the forefront, it represents the 'figure' and other needs
are 'ground,' i.e., in the background. As the need is met, it completes the 'gestalt' and a
new need takes it place. The goal for individuals in therapy is to become whole beings,
to complete 'gestalts.' Key concepts in the theory include personal responsibility,
unfinished business, and awareness of the 'now.'
This is an experiential therapy, encouraging the taking of responsibility by the client.
The counselor uses confrontation and encourages the client to stay with feelings and to
relive experiences and finish business. Role playing, two-chair techniques, and dream
work are used. Interpretation is done by the client not by the counselor. Peris wrote:
Gestalt Therapy Verbatim and In And Out ofthe Garbage Can.
Individual Psychology - ANS-Alfred Adler and Rudolph Dreikurs.
The belief in the uniqueness of each individual is influenced by social factors.
Each person has a sense of inferiority and strives for superiority.
We choose a lifestyle, a unified life plan, which gives meaning to our experiences which
include habits, family, career, attitudes, etc.
Counseling goals are to help the client understand lifestyle and identify appropriate
social and community interests. Also, counseling strives to explain clients to themselves
and for them to overcome inferiority.
Techniques used are those leading to insight such as life histories, homework
assignments and paradoxical intentions.
Transactional Analysis - ANS-Eric Berne.
The personality has three ego states: Parent, Adult, and Child.
A life script develops in childhood and influences a person's behavior. Many
transactions with others can be characterized as games with the intent to avoid
intimacy.
Complementary transactions (Adult to Adult) lead to good communication.
Crossed transactions (Adult to Child & ChHd to Parent) lead to barriers to
communication.
The goal of therapy is to teach the client the language and ideas of TA in order to
recognize ego state functioning and analyze one's transactions.
Techniques include teaching concepts, helping diagnose, interpretation, and use of
contracts and confrontation.
Berne wrote: Games People Play.
Thomas Harris wrote: Pm OK-You're OK.
Existential Therapy - ANS-Notables: Rollo May, Victor Frankl, Irvin Yalom.
Other existentialists include: Soren Kierkegaard, Paul Tilhch, Martin Heidegger, and
Jean Paul Satre.
Phenomenology is the basis of existential therapy.
