NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL REVISION HANDBOOK 2026
IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSES AND ORGAN
SYSTEM PATHOLOGY
◉ Beta thalassemia.
Answer: Genetic disorder causing reduced hemoglobin production.
◉ Gastrointestinal blood loss.
Answer: Loss of blood from the digestive tract.
◉ Pernicious anemia.
Answer: Vitamin B12 deficiency due to intrinsic factor absence.
◉ Chronic renal failure.
Answer: Progressive loss of kidney function over time.
◉ Macronodular cirrhosis.
Answer: Severe liver scarring affecting liver function.
◉ Vitamin B12 deficiency.
,Answer: Insufficient B12 leading to anemia and neurological issues.
◉ Vitamin C deficiency.
Answer: Lack of vitamin C causing scurvy and bleeding.
◉ Von Willebrand disease.
Answer: Genetic disorder affecting blood clotting ability.
◉ Allogeneic bone marrow transplant.
Answer: Transplant from a genetically different donor.
◉ Excessive bleeding.
Answer: Uncontrolled blood loss from minor injuries.
◉ Low dose aspirin.
Answer: Medication reducing platelet aggregation to prevent clots.
◉ Ejection fraction.
Answer: Percentage of blood pumped from the heart per beat.
◉ Pulmonary edema.
Answer: Fluid accumulation in lungs causing breathing difficulty.
,◉ Increased hydrostatic pressure.
Answer: Elevated pressure in blood vessels causing fluid leakage.
◉ Degree of pulmonary stenosis.
Answer: Severity of narrowing in the pulmonary valve.
◉ Respiratory alkalosis.
Answer: Increased blood pH due to decreased carbon dioxide.
◉ Metabolic alkalosis.
Answer: Increased blood pH due to excess bicarbonate.
◉ Acute shortness of breath.
Answer: Sudden difficulty in breathing, often requiring urgent care.
◉ Acute myocardial infarction.
Answer: Heart attack due to blocked blood supply.
◉ Tetralogy of Fallot.
Answer: Congenital heart defect with four anatomical abnormalities.
, ◉ Acid-base disorder.
Answer: Imbalance in body pH affecting physiological functions.
◉ Serum sodium level.
Answer: Concentration of sodium in blood, important for fluid
balance.
◉ SIADH.
Answer: Syndrome causing excessive water retention and
hyponatremia.
◉ Diabetic Ketoacidosis.
Answer: Acute complication of diabetes with high ketones.
◉ Diabetes Insipidus.
Answer: Condition characterized by excessive urination and thirst.
◉ Compensated Diastolic Heart Failure.
Answer: Heart failure where heart maintains output despite
dysfunction.
◉ Asthma Diagnosis Indicators.
FINAL REVISION HANDBOOK 2026
IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSES AND ORGAN
SYSTEM PATHOLOGY
◉ Beta thalassemia.
Answer: Genetic disorder causing reduced hemoglobin production.
◉ Gastrointestinal blood loss.
Answer: Loss of blood from the digestive tract.
◉ Pernicious anemia.
Answer: Vitamin B12 deficiency due to intrinsic factor absence.
◉ Chronic renal failure.
Answer: Progressive loss of kidney function over time.
◉ Macronodular cirrhosis.
Answer: Severe liver scarring affecting liver function.
◉ Vitamin B12 deficiency.
,Answer: Insufficient B12 leading to anemia and neurological issues.
◉ Vitamin C deficiency.
Answer: Lack of vitamin C causing scurvy and bleeding.
◉ Von Willebrand disease.
Answer: Genetic disorder affecting blood clotting ability.
◉ Allogeneic bone marrow transplant.
Answer: Transplant from a genetically different donor.
◉ Excessive bleeding.
Answer: Uncontrolled blood loss from minor injuries.
◉ Low dose aspirin.
Answer: Medication reducing platelet aggregation to prevent clots.
◉ Ejection fraction.
Answer: Percentage of blood pumped from the heart per beat.
◉ Pulmonary edema.
Answer: Fluid accumulation in lungs causing breathing difficulty.
,◉ Increased hydrostatic pressure.
Answer: Elevated pressure in blood vessels causing fluid leakage.
◉ Degree of pulmonary stenosis.
Answer: Severity of narrowing in the pulmonary valve.
◉ Respiratory alkalosis.
Answer: Increased blood pH due to decreased carbon dioxide.
◉ Metabolic alkalosis.
Answer: Increased blood pH due to excess bicarbonate.
◉ Acute shortness of breath.
Answer: Sudden difficulty in breathing, often requiring urgent care.
◉ Acute myocardial infarction.
Answer: Heart attack due to blocked blood supply.
◉ Tetralogy of Fallot.
Answer: Congenital heart defect with four anatomical abnormalities.
, ◉ Acid-base disorder.
Answer: Imbalance in body pH affecting physiological functions.
◉ Serum sodium level.
Answer: Concentration of sodium in blood, important for fluid
balance.
◉ SIADH.
Answer: Syndrome causing excessive water retention and
hyponatremia.
◉ Diabetic Ketoacidosis.
Answer: Acute complication of diabetes with high ketones.
◉ Diabetes Insipidus.
Answer: Condition characterized by excessive urination and thirst.
◉ Compensated Diastolic Heart Failure.
Answer: Heart failure where heart maintains output despite
dysfunction.
◉ Asthma Diagnosis Indicators.
