NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL CONCEPT REVIEW GUIDE 2026 DISEASE
PROGRESSION AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC
PROCESSES
◉ ______ syndrome occurs when there is an extra X chromosome.
Answer: Klinefelter
◉ Children with PKU must avoid phenylalanine in the diet.
Phenylalanine is most likely a component of:
Answer: protein.
◉ 1. A 20-year-old man just took a home human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) antibody test. He states That it was positive. What is the
next step?
Answer: A p24 antigen test will be done.
◉ 1. The major disadvantage of passive immunization is that it:
Answer: D) induces short-term protection.
,◉ In addition to a positive antinuclear antibody test, which of the
following diagnostic test findings is consistent with diagnosis of
systemic lupus erythematous?
Answer: Positive anti-double stranded DNA
◉ A 5-year-old child is brought in by his parents who report that she
has not been eating well, and they think she is losing weight even
though her belly looks bloated. They also noticed that she is limping
when she walks. Physical examination reveals a pale, quiet girl.
Small bruises are noted on her shins and upper arms. Her heart
sounds and lung sounds are normal. She has hepatomegaly and
splenomegaly. The remainder of the exam is normal. Which type of
hematologic cancer should be suspected?
Answer: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
◉ Which of the following triggers can precipitate a sickle cell crisis?
Answer: Fever, dehydration, and stress
◉ A 55-year-old woman has a hypochromic, microcytic anemia. The
most likely cause is:
Answer: iron deficiency resulting from chronic gastrointestinal
blood loss.
◉ An infant is diagnosed with a small patent ductus arteriosus
(PDA). Which of the following is accurate pertaining to this case?
,Answer: The infant has an opening between the pulmonary artery
and aorta.
◉ A 19-year-old athlete went out for his first day of football practice.
He experienced sudden cardiac death. The cause of death was
determined to be cardiomyopathy. It was most likely __________
cardiomyopathy.
Answer: hypertrophic
◉ The most likely place for a thrombosis to form postoperatively is:
Answer: The legs
◉ Which of the following can be used to measure hypercapnia?
Answer: End tidal carbon dioxide detector
◉ A mother brings her 5-year-old child in because the child snores
and has difficulty breathing when sleeping and seems to move
around a lot when sleeping. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
(OSAS) is suspected. What is a likely physical exam finding to
support the most common cause of OSAS in children?
Answer: Noted mouth breathing and enlarged tonsils
◉ The most common manifestations of acute epiglottitis in children
is(are
, Answer: tripod positioning, "hot potato" voice, and acutely high
fever.
◉ Which of the following would be appropriate treatment for a
patient on a ventilator with respiratory alkalosis, a low CO2, and
normal sodium bicarbonate?
Answer: Decrease the respiratory rate on the ventilator
◉ Classify the following arterial blood gas: pH = 7.35, PaCO2 = 50
mm Hg, HCO3 = 29 mEq/L.
Answer: Compensated respiratory acidosis
◉ Causes of painless, asymptomatic hematuria include:
Answer: urothelial cell carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma
◉ Which of the following diagnostic findings is present in
pyelonephritis but not in acute cystitis?
Answer: White blood cell casts
◉ A patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has tall, peaked T
waves on his electrocardiogram (ECG). Which of the following is the
best action?
Answer: Check the serum potassium level.
FINAL CONCEPT REVIEW GUIDE 2026 DISEASE
PROGRESSION AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC
PROCESSES
◉ ______ syndrome occurs when there is an extra X chromosome.
Answer: Klinefelter
◉ Children with PKU must avoid phenylalanine in the diet.
Phenylalanine is most likely a component of:
Answer: protein.
◉ 1. A 20-year-old man just took a home human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) antibody test. He states That it was positive. What is the
next step?
Answer: A p24 antigen test will be done.
◉ 1. The major disadvantage of passive immunization is that it:
Answer: D) induces short-term protection.
,◉ In addition to a positive antinuclear antibody test, which of the
following diagnostic test findings is consistent with diagnosis of
systemic lupus erythematous?
Answer: Positive anti-double stranded DNA
◉ A 5-year-old child is brought in by his parents who report that she
has not been eating well, and they think she is losing weight even
though her belly looks bloated. They also noticed that she is limping
when she walks. Physical examination reveals a pale, quiet girl.
Small bruises are noted on her shins and upper arms. Her heart
sounds and lung sounds are normal. She has hepatomegaly and
splenomegaly. The remainder of the exam is normal. Which type of
hematologic cancer should be suspected?
Answer: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
◉ Which of the following triggers can precipitate a sickle cell crisis?
Answer: Fever, dehydration, and stress
◉ A 55-year-old woman has a hypochromic, microcytic anemia. The
most likely cause is:
Answer: iron deficiency resulting from chronic gastrointestinal
blood loss.
◉ An infant is diagnosed with a small patent ductus arteriosus
(PDA). Which of the following is accurate pertaining to this case?
,Answer: The infant has an opening between the pulmonary artery
and aorta.
◉ A 19-year-old athlete went out for his first day of football practice.
He experienced sudden cardiac death. The cause of death was
determined to be cardiomyopathy. It was most likely __________
cardiomyopathy.
Answer: hypertrophic
◉ The most likely place for a thrombosis to form postoperatively is:
Answer: The legs
◉ Which of the following can be used to measure hypercapnia?
Answer: End tidal carbon dioxide detector
◉ A mother brings her 5-year-old child in because the child snores
and has difficulty breathing when sleeping and seems to move
around a lot when sleeping. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
(OSAS) is suspected. What is a likely physical exam finding to
support the most common cause of OSAS in children?
Answer: Noted mouth breathing and enlarged tonsils
◉ The most common manifestations of acute epiglottitis in children
is(are
, Answer: tripod positioning, "hot potato" voice, and acutely high
fever.
◉ Which of the following would be appropriate treatment for a
patient on a ventilator with respiratory alkalosis, a low CO2, and
normal sodium bicarbonate?
Answer: Decrease the respiratory rate on the ventilator
◉ Classify the following arterial blood gas: pH = 7.35, PaCO2 = 50
mm Hg, HCO3 = 29 mEq/L.
Answer: Compensated respiratory acidosis
◉ Causes of painless, asymptomatic hematuria include:
Answer: urothelial cell carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma
◉ Which of the following diagnostic findings is present in
pyelonephritis but not in acute cystitis?
Answer: White blood cell casts
◉ A patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has tall, peaked T
waves on his electrocardiogram (ECG). Which of the following is the
best action?
Answer: Check the serum potassium level.
