Patho Exam 1 Questions With
Complete Solutions
/. What is the primary function of the plasma membrane? - Answer-✅To regulate the
movement of molecules and ions into and out of the cell.
/.What are the three key functions of the plasma membrane? - Answer-✅Barrier
function, transport regulation, and communication.
/.What occurs during hypoxia? - Answer-✅Oxygen depletion leads to ATP depletion and
cellular dysfunction, potentially resulting in cell death.
/.What are common causes of hypoxia? - Answer-✅Ischemia, lung infections, anemia,
carbon monoxide poisoning, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
/.What is the role of the nucleus in a cell? - Answer-✅It serves as the cellular control
center and contains DNA.
/.What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)? - Answer-✅It
synthesizes immunoglobulins.
/.What is the mitochondria's role in the cell? - Answer-✅It is known as the powerhouse
of the cell, generating ATP.
/.Define malignancy. - Answer-✅A complex response to cellular injury involving
uncontrolled growth, invasion, and metastasis.
/.What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis? - Answer-✅Necrosis is
uncontrolled cell death with inflammation, while apoptosis is a controlled, programmed
cell death without inflammation.
/.What happens to a cell during ischemia? - Answer-✅Oxygen depletion leads to ATP
depletion, cellular swelling, and more severe cell injury compared to hypoxia.
/.What are the effects of free radicals on cells? - Answer-✅They cause loss of
membrane integrity, defective genetic repair, and damage to lipids, nucleic acids, and
proteins.
/.What is cellular adaptation? - Answer-✅Increased activity to maintain function, which
can become maladaptive and lead to ischemia and necrosis.
, /.What is atrophy? - Answer-✅A decrease in cell size due to decreased use or hormonal
withdrawal.
/.What is hypertrophy? - Answer-✅An increase in cell size.
/.What is hyperplasia? - Answer-✅An increase in cell number that is reversible.
/.What is metaplasia? - Answer-✅The replacement of one tissue type with another.
/.What is the difference between reversible and irreversible cell damage? - Answer-
✅Reversible damage includes cellular swelling and fatty change, while irreversible
damage involves mitochondrial swelling and loss of membrane integrity.
/.What determines sex differentiation in fetal development? - Answer-✅The presence of
the Y chromosome leads to male development, while its absence results in female
development.
/.What are secondary sex characteristics? - Answer-✅Features that develop at puberty
influenced by hormones, such as body hair and breast development.
/.What is epigenetics? - Answer-✅Environmental interactions that lead to heritable
changes in gene expression without altering DNA.
/.What are some examples of autosomal recessive traits? - Answer-✅Cystic Fibrosis,
Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs.
/.What are some common X-linked disorders? - Answer-✅Duchenne Muscular
Dystrophy, Hemophilia A & B, Red-Green color blindness.
/.What is Familial Hypercholesterolemia? - Answer-✅An autosomal dominant disorder
characterized by high LDL levels.
/.What is Huntington's disease? - Answer-✅An autosomal dominant disorder that leads
to the breakdown of neurons.
/.What is Neurofibromatosis? - Answer-✅An autosomal dominant disorder that causes
tumors to form on nerves.
/.What is Osteogenesis imperfecta? - Answer-✅An autosomal dominant connective
tissue disorder.
/.What is Acute intermittent porphyria? - Answer-✅An autosomal dominant disorder
characterized by sharp abdominal pain.
/.What is adult polycystic kidney disease? - Answer-✅A condition characterized by cysts
on the kidneys.
Complete Solutions
/. What is the primary function of the plasma membrane? - Answer-✅To regulate the
movement of molecules and ions into and out of the cell.
/.What are the three key functions of the plasma membrane? - Answer-✅Barrier
function, transport regulation, and communication.
/.What occurs during hypoxia? - Answer-✅Oxygen depletion leads to ATP depletion and
cellular dysfunction, potentially resulting in cell death.
/.What are common causes of hypoxia? - Answer-✅Ischemia, lung infections, anemia,
carbon monoxide poisoning, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
/.What is the role of the nucleus in a cell? - Answer-✅It serves as the cellular control
center and contains DNA.
/.What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)? - Answer-✅It
synthesizes immunoglobulins.
/.What is the mitochondria's role in the cell? - Answer-✅It is known as the powerhouse
of the cell, generating ATP.
/.Define malignancy. - Answer-✅A complex response to cellular injury involving
uncontrolled growth, invasion, and metastasis.
/.What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis? - Answer-✅Necrosis is
uncontrolled cell death with inflammation, while apoptosis is a controlled, programmed
cell death without inflammation.
/.What happens to a cell during ischemia? - Answer-✅Oxygen depletion leads to ATP
depletion, cellular swelling, and more severe cell injury compared to hypoxia.
/.What are the effects of free radicals on cells? - Answer-✅They cause loss of
membrane integrity, defective genetic repair, and damage to lipids, nucleic acids, and
proteins.
/.What is cellular adaptation? - Answer-✅Increased activity to maintain function, which
can become maladaptive and lead to ischemia and necrosis.
, /.What is atrophy? - Answer-✅A decrease in cell size due to decreased use or hormonal
withdrawal.
/.What is hypertrophy? - Answer-✅An increase in cell size.
/.What is hyperplasia? - Answer-✅An increase in cell number that is reversible.
/.What is metaplasia? - Answer-✅The replacement of one tissue type with another.
/.What is the difference between reversible and irreversible cell damage? - Answer-
✅Reversible damage includes cellular swelling and fatty change, while irreversible
damage involves mitochondrial swelling and loss of membrane integrity.
/.What determines sex differentiation in fetal development? - Answer-✅The presence of
the Y chromosome leads to male development, while its absence results in female
development.
/.What are secondary sex characteristics? - Answer-✅Features that develop at puberty
influenced by hormones, such as body hair and breast development.
/.What is epigenetics? - Answer-✅Environmental interactions that lead to heritable
changes in gene expression without altering DNA.
/.What are some examples of autosomal recessive traits? - Answer-✅Cystic Fibrosis,
Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs.
/.What are some common X-linked disorders? - Answer-✅Duchenne Muscular
Dystrophy, Hemophilia A & B, Red-Green color blindness.
/.What is Familial Hypercholesterolemia? - Answer-✅An autosomal dominant disorder
characterized by high LDL levels.
/.What is Huntington's disease? - Answer-✅An autosomal dominant disorder that leads
to the breakdown of neurons.
/.What is Neurofibromatosis? - Answer-✅An autosomal dominant disorder that causes
tumors to form on nerves.
/.What is Osteogenesis imperfecta? - Answer-✅An autosomal dominant connective
tissue disorder.
/.What is Acute intermittent porphyria? - Answer-✅An autosomal dominant disorder
characterized by sharp abdominal pain.
/.What is adult polycystic kidney disease? - Answer-✅A condition characterized by cysts
on the kidneys.
