1. Pathophysiology basics
a. Homeostasis –what is it, how does it help us
b. Allostasis – define/ what’s different from homeostasis
i. Allostatic overload – what does this mean to the body/individual?
c. General Adaptation Syndrome – what are the key features with disease processes
d. Catecholamines
i. Epinephrine
ii. Norepinephrine
e. Adrenocorticoids
i. Cortisol
ii. Aldosterone
f. Endorphins, enkephalins, immune cytokines
i. What are these compounds
ii. What are the functions?
g. Other neurohormones
h. Adaptation to stress and illness
i. Resilience
ii. Maladaptation
2. Fluids and electrolytes
a. Fluid regulation
b. Sodium/water relationship
c. Alterations in electrolytes
d. Fluid movement through body –intake, absorption, distribution, elimination
e. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
f. Abnormal fluid loss
g. Fluid imbalances
3. Normal electrolyte levels
a. Sodium
b. Abnormal electrolyte levels and expected findings
4. Immune system components
a. Chemical mediators of immune function
i. Complement
ii. Kinins
iii. Clotting factors
iv. Cytokines
v. Chemokines
b. Cardinal signs of inflammation & purpose of inflammation
c. Histamine
d. Adaptive vs. innate immunity vs. passive immunity
e. Self vs. non-self
f. Hypersensitivity reactions and corresponding conditions
g. IgE reactions
h. Exudates during healing process
i. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
j. Changes with aging and immunity
5. Infection
a. Transmission of infections & breaking chain of transmission of infection
b. Virulence
, c. Antimicrobial resistance & implications for treatment of microbial infections
d. Epidemiology & associated terms
e. Autoimmunity and associated concepts
6. Neoplasias
a. Warning signs of cancer
b. Tumor concepts and naming
c. Benign vs. malignant
d. Metastasis
e. Grading and staging
f. Cancer risk factors
g. Lung cancer
h. Process of cancer development
i. Carcinogen
ii. Oncogene
iii. Tumor suppressor gene
i. BRCA genes & mutations
j. Steps to carcinogenesis
k. Side effects of cancer
l. Bone marrow suppression and what complications can arise
m. Cancer therapies
7. Integumentary alterations
a. Bacterial
b. Inflammatory
c. Allergic
d. Parasites
8. Musculoskeletal disorders & injuries
a. Tissue injuries
b. Compartment syndrome
i. 5 Ps of compartment syndrome
c. Wound repair process
d. Bone fractures and injuries
i. Healing process
ii. Stabilization
e. Complications of bone injuries
i. Fat emboli
ii. Pulmonary embolism (overview)
iii. DVT
iv. Bone infections
f. Metabolic bone disorders
g. Tumors—benign/malignant
h. Musculoskeletal diseases
i. Idiopathic diseases
ii. Muscular dystrophies
i. Fibromyalgia
j. Myasthenia gravis
9. Rheumatic disorders
a. Arthritis types
i. Osteoarthritis
ii. Infectious arthritis
a. Homeostasis –what is it, how does it help us
b. Allostasis – define/ what’s different from homeostasis
i. Allostatic overload – what does this mean to the body/individual?
c. General Adaptation Syndrome – what are the key features with disease processes
d. Catecholamines
i. Epinephrine
ii. Norepinephrine
e. Adrenocorticoids
i. Cortisol
ii. Aldosterone
f. Endorphins, enkephalins, immune cytokines
i. What are these compounds
ii. What are the functions?
g. Other neurohormones
h. Adaptation to stress and illness
i. Resilience
ii. Maladaptation
2. Fluids and electrolytes
a. Fluid regulation
b. Sodium/water relationship
c. Alterations in electrolytes
d. Fluid movement through body –intake, absorption, distribution, elimination
e. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
f. Abnormal fluid loss
g. Fluid imbalances
3. Normal electrolyte levels
a. Sodium
b. Abnormal electrolyte levels and expected findings
4. Immune system components
a. Chemical mediators of immune function
i. Complement
ii. Kinins
iii. Clotting factors
iv. Cytokines
v. Chemokines
b. Cardinal signs of inflammation & purpose of inflammation
c. Histamine
d. Adaptive vs. innate immunity vs. passive immunity
e. Self vs. non-self
f. Hypersensitivity reactions and corresponding conditions
g. IgE reactions
h. Exudates during healing process
i. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
j. Changes with aging and immunity
5. Infection
a. Transmission of infections & breaking chain of transmission of infection
b. Virulence
, c. Antimicrobial resistance & implications for treatment of microbial infections
d. Epidemiology & associated terms
e. Autoimmunity and associated concepts
6. Neoplasias
a. Warning signs of cancer
b. Tumor concepts and naming
c. Benign vs. malignant
d. Metastasis
e. Grading and staging
f. Cancer risk factors
g. Lung cancer
h. Process of cancer development
i. Carcinogen
ii. Oncogene
iii. Tumor suppressor gene
i. BRCA genes & mutations
j. Steps to carcinogenesis
k. Side effects of cancer
l. Bone marrow suppression and what complications can arise
m. Cancer therapies
7. Integumentary alterations
a. Bacterial
b. Inflammatory
c. Allergic
d. Parasites
8. Musculoskeletal disorders & injuries
a. Tissue injuries
b. Compartment syndrome
i. 5 Ps of compartment syndrome
c. Wound repair process
d. Bone fractures and injuries
i. Healing process
ii. Stabilization
e. Complications of bone injuries
i. Fat emboli
ii. Pulmonary embolism (overview)
iii. DVT
iv. Bone infections
f. Metabolic bone disorders
g. Tumors—benign/malignant
h. Musculoskeletal diseases
i. Idiopathic diseases
ii. Muscular dystrophies
i. Fibromyalgia
j. Myasthenia gravis
9. Rheumatic disorders
a. Arthritis types
i. Osteoarthritis
ii. Infectious arthritis
