NSG 530 Exam 1, 2, 3 & 4 | Advanced
Pathophysiology – Wilkes | 2026 Verified
Questions & Answers | PDF
Exam 1 Questions: Cellular Function & Immunity
Question 1
When antibodies are formed against red blood cell antigens of the Rh
system, the blood cells are destroyed by:
• A) Complement-mediated cell lysis
• B) Phagocytosis by macrophages
• C) Phagocytosis in the spleen
• D) Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products
Correct ,,,,Answer,,,,: C) Phagocytosis in the spleen
Rationale: In cases of Rh incompatibility, antibodies target Rh-positive
red blood cells, and these cells are typically cleared from circulation
through phagocytosis by macrophages in the spleen. This is a Type II
hypersensitivity reaction where antibody-coated cells are removed by the
reticuloendothelial system .
,Question 2
When soluble antigens from infectious agents enter circulation, tissue
damage is a result of:
• A) Complement-mediated cell lysis
• B) Phagocytosis by macrophages
• C) Phagocytosis in the spleen
• D) Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products
Correct ,,,,Answer,,,,: D) Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products
Rationale: Soluble antigens can activate neutrophils, which release their
granules containing cytotoxic substances. This process can contribute to
tissue injury and inflammation through the action of reactive oxygen
species and proteolytic enzymes .
Question 3
How are target cells destroyed in a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
• A) Complement-mediated cell lysis
• B) Phagocytosis by macrophages
• C) Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products
• D) Natural killer cells
Correct ,,,,Answer,,,,: A) Complement-mediated cell lysis
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity involves antibodies binding to target
cells, which activates the complement system. This can lead to direct
lysis of the cell through the formation of membrane attack complexes
(MAC) .
,Question 4
Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) is an example of which type of
hypersensitivity reaction?
• A) Modulation
• B) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
• C) Neutrophil-mediated damage
• D) Complement-mediated lysis
Correct ,,,,Answer,,,,: A) Modulation
Rationale: Graves' disease is a Type II hypersensitivity reaction where
autoantibodies (TSI) stimulate the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor,
leading to excessive thyroid hormone production and hyperthyroidism.
This is termed "modulation" because antibodies alter receptor function
without destroying the cell .
Question 5
Type III hypersensitivity reactions are a result of which of the following?
• A) Antibodies coating mast cells by binding to receptors that signal
its degranulation
• B) Antibodies binding to soluble antigens that were released into
body fluids and the immune complexes being deposited in the
tissues
• C) Tc cells or lymphokine-producing Th1 cells directly attacking and
destroying cellular targets
• D) Antibodies binding to the antigen on the cell surface
, Correct ,,,,Answer,,,,: B) Antibodies binding to soluble antigens that
were released into body fluids and the immune complexes being
deposited in the tissues
Rationale: Type III hypersensitivity occurs when immune complexes
formed from antibodies binding to soluble antigens deposit in tissues,
leading to inflammation and damage through complement activation.
Examples include serum sickness and lupus nephritis .
Question 6
Hypersensitivity is best defined as:
• A) Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens
• B) Immunologic reaction of one person to the tissue of another
person
• C) Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in
disease
• D) Undetectable immune response in the presence of antigens
Correct ,,,,Answer,,,,: C) Altered immunologic response to an antigen
that results in disease
Rationale: Hypersensitivity refers to an exaggerated or altered immune
response that leads to tissue damage, resulting in clinical disease. It
encompasses various allergic reactions where the immune system
overreacts to perceived threats .
Pathophysiology – Wilkes | 2026 Verified
Questions & Answers | PDF
Exam 1 Questions: Cellular Function & Immunity
Question 1
When antibodies are formed against red blood cell antigens of the Rh
system, the blood cells are destroyed by:
• A) Complement-mediated cell lysis
• B) Phagocytosis by macrophages
• C) Phagocytosis in the spleen
• D) Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products
Correct ,,,,Answer,,,,: C) Phagocytosis in the spleen
Rationale: In cases of Rh incompatibility, antibodies target Rh-positive
red blood cells, and these cells are typically cleared from circulation
through phagocytosis by macrophages in the spleen. This is a Type II
hypersensitivity reaction where antibody-coated cells are removed by the
reticuloendothelial system .
,Question 2
When soluble antigens from infectious agents enter circulation, tissue
damage is a result of:
• A) Complement-mediated cell lysis
• B) Phagocytosis by macrophages
• C) Phagocytosis in the spleen
• D) Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products
Correct ,,,,Answer,,,,: D) Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products
Rationale: Soluble antigens can activate neutrophils, which release their
granules containing cytotoxic substances. This process can contribute to
tissue injury and inflammation through the action of reactive oxygen
species and proteolytic enzymes .
Question 3
How are target cells destroyed in a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
• A) Complement-mediated cell lysis
• B) Phagocytosis by macrophages
• C) Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products
• D) Natural killer cells
Correct ,,,,Answer,,,,: A) Complement-mediated cell lysis
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity involves antibodies binding to target
cells, which activates the complement system. This can lead to direct
lysis of the cell through the formation of membrane attack complexes
(MAC) .
,Question 4
Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) is an example of which type of
hypersensitivity reaction?
• A) Modulation
• B) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
• C) Neutrophil-mediated damage
• D) Complement-mediated lysis
Correct ,,,,Answer,,,,: A) Modulation
Rationale: Graves' disease is a Type II hypersensitivity reaction where
autoantibodies (TSI) stimulate the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor,
leading to excessive thyroid hormone production and hyperthyroidism.
This is termed "modulation" because antibodies alter receptor function
without destroying the cell .
Question 5
Type III hypersensitivity reactions are a result of which of the following?
• A) Antibodies coating mast cells by binding to receptors that signal
its degranulation
• B) Antibodies binding to soluble antigens that were released into
body fluids and the immune complexes being deposited in the
tissues
• C) Tc cells or lymphokine-producing Th1 cells directly attacking and
destroying cellular targets
• D) Antibodies binding to the antigen on the cell surface
, Correct ,,,,Answer,,,,: B) Antibodies binding to soluble antigens that
were released into body fluids and the immune complexes being
deposited in the tissues
Rationale: Type III hypersensitivity occurs when immune complexes
formed from antibodies binding to soluble antigens deposit in tissues,
leading to inflammation and damage through complement activation.
Examples include serum sickness and lupus nephritis .
Question 6
Hypersensitivity is best defined as:
• A) Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens
• B) Immunologic reaction of one person to the tissue of another
person
• C) Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in
disease
• D) Undetectable immune response in the presence of antigens
Correct ,,,,Answer,,,,: C) Altered immunologic response to an antigen
that results in disease
Rationale: Hypersensitivity refers to an exaggerated or altered immune
response that leads to tissue damage, resulting in clinical disease. It
encompasses various allergic reactions where the immune system
overreacts to perceived threats .
