What is the difference between a sign and a symptom? - ANSWER Sign - Objective (Ery-
thema, Edema, lesion)
Symptom - Subjective (Headache, sore, tired)
Na - Sodium - ANSWER 136-144 mEq
Hyponatremia - anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes,
blood pressure changes, pulse changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished
deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, seizures, and coma |
Hypernatremia - increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous
membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures
K - Potassium - ANSWER o 3.7-5.2 mEq |
Hypokalemia - muscle weakness, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps, weak and irregular
pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, decreased bowel sounds, ab-
dominal distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest|
Hyperkalemia - paresthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, bradycardia, dysrhythmias,
electrocardiogram changes, cardiac arrest, respiratory depression, abdominal cramping,
nausea, and diarrhea
Mg - Magnesium - ANSWER .8-2.5 mEq | Hypermagnesemia - Same as hypercalcemia |
Hypomagnesemia - same as hypocalcemia
1
,Ca - Calcium - ANSWER 4 - 5 mEq |
Hypercalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confusion,
decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep
tendon reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, pancreatitis, re-
nal calculi, polyuria, and dehydration |
Hypocalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies,
anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep ten-
don reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds,
abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
P - Phosphorus - ANSWER .5 - 4.5 mg |
Hyperphosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tenden-
cies, anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep
tendon reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel
sounds, abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
Hypophosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confu-
sion, decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased
deep tendon reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
Function of ribosomes - ANSWER Synthesizes proteins
· Hypervolemia - ANSWER Fluid volume excess in intravascular space
· Hypovolemia - ANSWER Fluid volume deficit in intravascular space
· Homeostasis - ANSWER State of balance - reached by positive and negative feedback -
self regulated
2
, · How does a vaccine provide immunity? - ANSWER Active immunity - antigen exposure
· Active immunity - ANSWER Vaccine, or having the virus - Body builds immunity through
exposure
· Passive immunity - ANSWER Receiving antibodies from external source - breastfeeding
· identify examples of malignant cells - ANSWER Rapid growing, metastasis, fatal, undif-
ferentiated
· Assessment findings for localized inflammation - ANSWER Destroyed tissue, redness,
swelling, heat, pain, function loss
o Type I: IgE mediated - ANSWER Hay fever, food allergy, anaphylaxis
o Type II IgM/IgG: cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction - ANSWER Blood transfusion reac-
tion, erythroblastosis fetalis
o Type III: immune complex-mediated - ANSWER Autoimmune conditions - Lupus
o Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity reaction - ANSWER Tuberculin skin testing, transplant
reactions, contact dermatitis
· What findings would you expect in someone with an anaphylactic reaction? - ANSWER
Bronchodilation, airway constriction,
Manifestations of a type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSWER GI allergy
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
3
thema, Edema, lesion)
Symptom - Subjective (Headache, sore, tired)
Na - Sodium - ANSWER 136-144 mEq
Hyponatremia - anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes,
blood pressure changes, pulse changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished
deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, seizures, and coma |
Hypernatremia - increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous
membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures
K - Potassium - ANSWER o 3.7-5.2 mEq |
Hypokalemia - muscle weakness, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps, weak and irregular
pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, decreased bowel sounds, ab-
dominal distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest|
Hyperkalemia - paresthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, bradycardia, dysrhythmias,
electrocardiogram changes, cardiac arrest, respiratory depression, abdominal cramping,
nausea, and diarrhea
Mg - Magnesium - ANSWER .8-2.5 mEq | Hypermagnesemia - Same as hypercalcemia |
Hypomagnesemia - same as hypocalcemia
1
,Ca - Calcium - ANSWER 4 - 5 mEq |
Hypercalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confusion,
decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep
tendon reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, pancreatitis, re-
nal calculi, polyuria, and dehydration |
Hypocalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies,
anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep ten-
don reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds,
abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
P - Phosphorus - ANSWER .5 - 4.5 mg |
Hyperphosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tenden-
cies, anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep
tendon reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel
sounds, abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
Hypophosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confu-
sion, decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased
deep tendon reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
Function of ribosomes - ANSWER Synthesizes proteins
· Hypervolemia - ANSWER Fluid volume excess in intravascular space
· Hypovolemia - ANSWER Fluid volume deficit in intravascular space
· Homeostasis - ANSWER State of balance - reached by positive and negative feedback -
self regulated
2
, · How does a vaccine provide immunity? - ANSWER Active immunity - antigen exposure
· Active immunity - ANSWER Vaccine, or having the virus - Body builds immunity through
exposure
· Passive immunity - ANSWER Receiving antibodies from external source - breastfeeding
· identify examples of malignant cells - ANSWER Rapid growing, metastasis, fatal, undif-
ferentiated
· Assessment findings for localized inflammation - ANSWER Destroyed tissue, redness,
swelling, heat, pain, function loss
o Type I: IgE mediated - ANSWER Hay fever, food allergy, anaphylaxis
o Type II IgM/IgG: cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction - ANSWER Blood transfusion reac-
tion, erythroblastosis fetalis
o Type III: immune complex-mediated - ANSWER Autoimmune conditions - Lupus
o Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity reaction - ANSWER Tuberculin skin testing, transplant
reactions, contact dermatitis
· What findings would you expect in someone with an anaphylactic reaction? - ANSWER
Bronchodilation, airway constriction,
Manifestations of a type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSWER GI allergy
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
3
