MDC 4 EXAMINATION TEST PAPER WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION AND REVIEW
MATERIAL
●● Parkinson's 4 cardinal symptoms
Answer: tremor
muscle rigidity
bradykinesia or askinesia (slow or no movement)
postural instability
mask like face
shuffling gate, drooling
●● Huntington's vs. Parkinson's
Answer: often mistaken for each other, HD has choreiform or jerky
movements
●● Parkinson's Physcial assessment
Answer: small handwriting
freezing
rigidity
masked faces
,difficult chewing/swallowing
orthostatic hypotension
soft speech
urinary incontinence
●● Parkinson's lab tests
Answer: CSF mahave low dopamine
MRI or SPECT to rule out other brain conditions
●● Parkinson's drug treatment
Answer: sinement-carbadopa/levadopa (stimulate dopamine receptors)
COMT Inhibitor-Entacapone (prolong action of levodopa)
MAOIS-rasagiline mesylate (increase dopamine concentration)
Dopamine receptor agonists- Bromocriptine mesylate (promote
dopamine release)
Antiviral-amantadine
●● Parkinson's surgical treatment
Answer: stereotactic pallidotomy- destroy a portion of the globus
pallidus, and thereby, decrease patients' muscle rigidity from Parkinson's
disease
DBS-uses electrical stimulation to modulate these control centers deep
to the surface of the brain, improving communication between brain
,cells. This helps to reduce symptoms such as tremor, slowness, and
stiffness.
●● Seizures (Epilepsy)
Answer: seizuer-sudden uncontrolled electrical discharge of neurons
epilepsy-2 or more seizures
●● Generalized Seizures types
Answer: Tonic-clonic
tonic
clonic
myoclonic
atonic
●● partial seizure types
Answer: complex/automatisms
simple
●● tonic-clonic seizure (grand mal)
Answer: begins on both sides of the brain, but can start in one side and
spread to the whole brain.
LOC
muscles stiffen
, jerking movements
last 1 to 3 minutes and take longer for a person to recover.
●● Tonic Seizure
Answer: a sudden stiffness or tension in the muscles of the arms, legs or
trunk. The stiffness lasts about 20 seconds and is most likely to happen
during sleep. Tonic seizures that occur while the person is standing may
cause them to fall. After the seizure, the person may feel tired or
confused
●● Clonic seizures
Answer: repeated jerking movements of the arms and legs on one or
both sides of the body, sometimes with numbness or tingling. If it is a
focal (partial) seizure, the person may be aware of what's happening.
During a generalized seizure, the person may be unconsciou
●● Myoclonic seizures
Answer: brief shock-like jerks of a muscle or group of muscles. They
occur in a variety of epilepsy syndromes that have different
characteristics. During a myoclonic seizure, the person is usually awake
and able to think clearly.
●● Atonic
Answer: muscles suddenly become limp. Part or all of the body may
become limp
COMPLETE SOLUTION AND REVIEW
MATERIAL
●● Parkinson's 4 cardinal symptoms
Answer: tremor
muscle rigidity
bradykinesia or askinesia (slow or no movement)
postural instability
mask like face
shuffling gate, drooling
●● Huntington's vs. Parkinson's
Answer: often mistaken for each other, HD has choreiform or jerky
movements
●● Parkinson's Physcial assessment
Answer: small handwriting
freezing
rigidity
masked faces
,difficult chewing/swallowing
orthostatic hypotension
soft speech
urinary incontinence
●● Parkinson's lab tests
Answer: CSF mahave low dopamine
MRI or SPECT to rule out other brain conditions
●● Parkinson's drug treatment
Answer: sinement-carbadopa/levadopa (stimulate dopamine receptors)
COMT Inhibitor-Entacapone (prolong action of levodopa)
MAOIS-rasagiline mesylate (increase dopamine concentration)
Dopamine receptor agonists- Bromocriptine mesylate (promote
dopamine release)
Antiviral-amantadine
●● Parkinson's surgical treatment
Answer: stereotactic pallidotomy- destroy a portion of the globus
pallidus, and thereby, decrease patients' muscle rigidity from Parkinson's
disease
DBS-uses electrical stimulation to modulate these control centers deep
to the surface of the brain, improving communication between brain
,cells. This helps to reduce symptoms such as tremor, slowness, and
stiffness.
●● Seizures (Epilepsy)
Answer: seizuer-sudden uncontrolled electrical discharge of neurons
epilepsy-2 or more seizures
●● Generalized Seizures types
Answer: Tonic-clonic
tonic
clonic
myoclonic
atonic
●● partial seizure types
Answer: complex/automatisms
simple
●● tonic-clonic seizure (grand mal)
Answer: begins on both sides of the brain, but can start in one side and
spread to the whole brain.
LOC
muscles stiffen
, jerking movements
last 1 to 3 minutes and take longer for a person to recover.
●● Tonic Seizure
Answer: a sudden stiffness or tension in the muscles of the arms, legs or
trunk. The stiffness lasts about 20 seconds and is most likely to happen
during sleep. Tonic seizures that occur while the person is standing may
cause them to fall. After the seizure, the person may feel tired or
confused
●● Clonic seizures
Answer: repeated jerking movements of the arms and legs on one or
both sides of the body, sometimes with numbness or tingling. If it is a
focal (partial) seizure, the person may be aware of what's happening.
During a generalized seizure, the person may be unconsciou
●● Myoclonic seizures
Answer: brief shock-like jerks of a muscle or group of muscles. They
occur in a variety of epilepsy syndromes that have different
characteristics. During a myoclonic seizure, the person is usually awake
and able to think clearly.
●● Atonic
Answer: muscles suddenly become limp. Part or all of the body may
become limp
