!"#$% &' &' !"("
!)*+$#",- . #/$ +$(,01% ,2 ($#13,%"* 415#$ 2+,( #/$
3,67 8 415#$ "5 #,)"* "- $)*$55 9
<
6,-:# *,-2;5$ 4"#/
$%"("-1#",- ,2 #/$ 1-;5 8 21$*$5 9
=> '$5#1#",-
"-6"'$5#"3%$ (1#$+"1%5
#/+,;'/
.
?$*+$#",- @+,*$55 37 4/"*/ 5;35#1-*$5 A+,6;*$6 1-6 +$%$15$6 2+,( *$%%
'%1-6 ,+ 6;*# 2,+
.
1+$ 1 1
B
A1+#"*;%1+ 2;-*#",- ,2 1- ,+'1-"5(
$)*+$#",- C
4/7
"5
-$*$551+7
#/$
D 2,+ *$%%5 #, 2;-*#",-
A+,A$+%7 *,-6"#",-5 4"#/"- #/$
3,67 (;5# +$(1"- *,-5#1-# E
F,4$0$+ ($#13,%"* A+,6;*$ */$("*1%5 /1+(2;% #, #/$ "- $)*$55
+$1*#",-5 4/"*/ 1+$
3,67
-$$6$6 #, (1"-#1"- #/$ *,-6"#",-5 ,2 #/$
%$' *,G 1-6 H+$1 9 #/$+$2,+$
B
$) *+$1#",- "5
#"55;$ 2%;"6 5, #/1# *$%%5 *1- 2;-*#",- I/"5
5;++,;-6"-' E
"5 *1%%$6 /,($,5#15"5
(1"-#$-1-*$ ,2 1 *,-5#1-# "-#$+-1% $-0"+,-($-#
/,($,5#15"5 I/$
+$'1+6%$55 ,2 $)#$+-1%
.
B
$-0"+,-($-# 8 F,($,5#1#"* ($*/1-"5(5 (1"-#1"- #/$ #"55;$ 2%;"6 9
E
5#$167 5#1#$ ,2 #/$
D J"6-$75 8 (1"-#1"- /,($,5#15"5 9
37
.
8 1*"6 1-6 *+$1#"-"-$ 9
,
+$(,0"-' -"#+,'$-,;5 415#$5 ;+$1
B
;+"*
K5(,
,
+$';%1#",-
+$';%1#"-' 3%,,6 AF
,
I/$
$)*+$#,+7 ,+'1-5 ,2
575#$(
D
$)*+$#,+7
L"6-$75
>
>
;+$#$+5
>
3%166$+
>
;+$#/+1
THE KIDNEYS
M 2$(1%$
6"1'+1( 5/,4"-' $)*+$#,+7 ,+'1-5 "-
@K?NINKO
>
. >
$"#/$+ 5"6$ ,2 0$+#$3+1% *,%;(- 4"#/ *,-*10$ 5"6$
21*"-' 5A"-1% *,+6 E
#,41+65 #/$ 31*L ,2 #/$ 13 6, ("- 3$%,4
6"1A/+1'(
>
>
+"'/# L"6-$7 6;$ #, %"0$+
,**;A7"-' 5A1*$ 2,+*"-' "5 %,4$+ E
61+L +$6 1-6 3$1-
5/1A$6 1-6 13,;# PQRSRT *(
?#+;*#;+$
>
>
#/$ T #;3$5 #/1# $-#$+ #/$ /"%;( E
N E +$-1%
1+#$+7
.
#1L$5 3%,,6 +"*/ "- KG 1-6 ($#13,%"* 415#$ #, #/$
L"6-$7 E
2+,( #/$
UE +$-1%
0E
$"- .
#1L$5 A;+"2"$6 3%,,6 +"*/ "- =KU
1417 L"6-$75 E
#1L$5 ;+"-$
TE ;+$#$+
1417
2+,(
L"6-$7 #, 3%166$+
>
$-*%,5$6 "- +$-1% *1A5;%$ 8 *,--$*#"0$ #"55;$ 9
>
21# 1-6 1+$,%1+ *,--$*#"0$ #"55;$ A+,#$*# 2+,( ($*/1-"*1% 61(1'$
9
,;#$+ 1+$1 =,+#$) 8 3+,4-$+ 9 1-6 "--$+ 1+$1 ($6;%%1 8 5%"'/#%7 '+1-;%1+
V
>
V
, *,+#$) *,-#1"-5 W PW +$-1%
A7+1("65
>
>
X (16$ ;A ,2 Y;*#5 ,2 Z$%%"-" 8 #;3;%$5 9
>
5#+1"'/#
#;3;%$5 ,A$- "-#, 6;*#5 *1%%$6 #/$
*1%7*$5 4/"*/ ,A$- "-#,
$(A#7 5A1*$6 ,2
L"6-$7 8 +$-1% A$%0"5 9
>
2+,( #;3;%$5 0"1
;+"-$ A155$5
*1%7*$5 #/$- "-#, #/$ A$%0"5 4/$+$ "# 6+1"-5 "-#, ;+$#$+5
>
("*+,5*,A"* 5#+;*#;+$ *,-(1-
E
($6;#1
#,
>
L"6-$7 2;-*#",-1% ;-"# ,2 #/$ -$A/+,-
-" [O&$5
, "5
$6
/15 (,+$ #/1- N ("%%",-
L"6-$7
`$$a1#7
-$A/+,-5
$1*/
]Q^( 6"1($#$+ 1-6 13,;# TQ _Q(( b
%,-'
>
"-
\ 3%,,6 1-6 -c
<
+$5A,-5"3%$ 2,+ 2"%#$+"-' (1L"-' ;+"-$ >
+#5
#/1# "5 *1++"$6 0"1
*1%7*$5
1-6
*,%%$*#"-'
6;*#5
d
c*1("5
N# $21e
> 1+(
EE
IF! O!@FfKO
>/$c1%A%'/"1-3Q67(
P E
V
'%,($+;%;5 g Z,4(1- 5 *1A5;%$
h"$5 "- *,+#$) 5A/$+"*1% 1-6 0"5"3%$ #, -1L$6
$7$
D
B
Z,4(1- 5 *1A5;%$ 6,;3%$ 41%%$6 =;A 4/"*/ 5;++,;-65 #/$
'%,($+;%;5 8 *1A"%%1+"$5 -$#4,+L 9
D .
122$+$-#
c1+#$-,#
$
$22$+$-# f$-1% 1+#$+7 5;36"0"6$5 "-#, 1+#$+",%$5 $1*/ -$A/+,- /15 1- 122$+$-#
/"'/
E
B
A+$55;+$ >
1+#$+",%$
#/$-
1+#$+",%$ 4/"*/ 5;36"0"6$5 #, 2,+(
'%,($+;%$ *1A"%%1+"$5 #/$5$
+
4"6$+ B
: < ($/
+$;-"#$ #, 2,+( #/$ $22$+$-# 1+#$+",%$ !22$+$-# 1+#$+",%$ #/$- 5;36"0"6$5
3*,14A+'-;e$-5
>
E
#, 2,+( A$+" #;3;%1+ *1A"%%1+7 -$#4,+L 4/"*/ 5;++,;-65 #/$ +$-1% #;3;%$
i H%#+1 2"%#+1#",- #1L$5 A%1*$ "- +$-1% *,+A;5*%$
'%,($+;%;5
>
>
A+,)"(1% *,-0,%;#$
#;3;%$
UE I/$ +$-1% #;3;%$ .
"
-1++,4 1-6 *,-0,%;#$6
j$+7
D
D A+,)"(1% *,-0,%;#$6 #;3;%$ 4/"*/ %"$5 "- *,+#$)
D %,,A ,2 F$-%$ "5 "- ($6;%%1 1-6 *,-5"5#5 ,2 1
6$5*$-6"-'
4/"*/ 6,;3%$ 31*L5 %,,A
15*$-6"-'
15 #/$ ,2 #/$
D I/$ #;3$ +$
>
$-#$+5 #/$ *,+#$) 15 #/$ 6"5#1% *,-0,%;#$6 #;3;%$
#, $-5;+$
,-%7 415#$ A+,6;*#5 1+$ *,%%$*#$6
!)*/1-'$ 5;35#1-*$5
D
37 *,%%$*#"-' 6;*#5
6$#1"%$6 5#+;*#;+$ 1-6 2;-*#",- ,2 #/$ -$A/+,-
:
-$A/+,-5 2;-*#",- #, (1"-#1"- /,($,5#15"5
>
D I/$ N5 1-6 "# 6,$5 #/"5 0"1 T A+,*$55$5
2"3+1#",- d H%#+1 2"%#+1#",- (1#
'%,($+;%1+ "- #/$
A/%'%1- 3,67
D
I;3;%1+ +$135,+A#",- 2+,( #/$ A+,)"(1% *,-0,%;#$6 #;3;%$ 1-6 ,2 F$-%$
6$5*$-6"-' h,,A
D
E
D
I;3;%1+ $)*+$#",- (1"-%7 "-#, 6"5#1% *,-0,%;#$6 #;3;%$
!)*+$#",- . #/$ +$(,01% ,2 ($#13,%"* 415#$ 2+,( #/$
3,67 8 415#$ "5 #,)"* "- $)*$55 9
<
6,-:# *,-2;5$ 4"#/
$%"("-1#",- ,2 #/$ 1-;5 8 21$*$5 9
=> '$5#1#",-
"-6"'$5#"3%$ (1#$+"1%5
#/+,;'/
.
?$*+$#",- @+,*$55 37 4/"*/ 5;35#1-*$5 A+,6;*$6 1-6 +$%$15$6 2+,( *$%%
'%1-6 ,+ 6;*# 2,+
.
1+$ 1 1
B
A1+#"*;%1+ 2;-*#",- ,2 1- ,+'1-"5(
$)*+$#",- C
4/7
"5
-$*$551+7
#/$
D 2,+ *$%%5 #, 2;-*#",-
A+,A$+%7 *,-6"#",-5 4"#/"- #/$
3,67 (;5# +$(1"- *,-5#1-# E
F,4$0$+ ($#13,%"* A+,6;*$ */$("*1%5 /1+(2;% #, #/$ "- $)*$55
+$1*#",-5 4/"*/ 1+$
3,67
-$$6$6 #, (1"-#1"- #/$ *,-6"#",-5 ,2 #/$
%$' *,G 1-6 H+$1 9 #/$+$2,+$
B
$) *+$1#",- "5
#"55;$ 2%;"6 5, #/1# *$%%5 *1- 2;-*#",- I/"5
5;++,;-6"-' E
"5 *1%%$6 /,($,5#15"5
(1"-#$-1-*$ ,2 1 *,-5#1-# "-#$+-1% $-0"+,-($-#
/,($,5#15"5 I/$
+$'1+6%$55 ,2 $)#$+-1%
.
B
$-0"+,-($-# 8 F,($,5#1#"* ($*/1-"5(5 (1"-#1"- #/$ #"55;$ 2%;"6 9
E
5#$167 5#1#$ ,2 #/$
D J"6-$75 8 (1"-#1"- /,($,5#15"5 9
37
.
8 1*"6 1-6 *+$1#"-"-$ 9
,
+$(,0"-' -"#+,'$-,;5 415#$5 ;+$1
B
;+"*
K5(,
,
+$';%1#",-
+$';%1#"-' 3%,,6 AF
,
I/$
$)*+$#,+7 ,+'1-5 ,2
575#$(
D
$)*+$#,+7
L"6-$75
>
>
;+$#$+5
>
3%166$+
>
;+$#/+1
THE KIDNEYS
M 2$(1%$
6"1'+1( 5/,4"-' $)*+$#,+7 ,+'1-5 "-
@K?NINKO
>
. >
$"#/$+ 5"6$ ,2 0$+#$3+1% *,%;(- 4"#/ *,-*10$ 5"6$
21*"-' 5A"-1% *,+6 E
#,41+65 #/$ 31*L ,2 #/$ 13 6, ("- 3$%,4
6"1A/+1'(
>
>
+"'/# L"6-$7 6;$ #, %"0$+
,**;A7"-' 5A1*$ 2,+*"-' "5 %,4$+ E
61+L +$6 1-6 3$1-
5/1A$6 1-6 13,;# PQRSRT *(
?#+;*#;+$
>
>
#/$ T #;3$5 #/1# $-#$+ #/$ /"%;( E
N E +$-1%
1+#$+7
.
#1L$5 3%,,6 +"*/ "- KG 1-6 ($#13,%"* 415#$ #, #/$
L"6-$7 E
2+,( #/$
UE +$-1%
0E
$"- .
#1L$5 A;+"2"$6 3%,,6 +"*/ "- =KU
1417 L"6-$75 E
#1L$5 ;+"-$
TE ;+$#$+
1417
2+,(
L"6-$7 #, 3%166$+
>
$-*%,5$6 "- +$-1% *1A5;%$ 8 *,--$*#"0$ #"55;$ 9
>
21# 1-6 1+$,%1+ *,--$*#"0$ #"55;$ A+,#$*# 2+,( ($*/1-"*1% 61(1'$
9
,;#$+ 1+$1 =,+#$) 8 3+,4-$+ 9 1-6 "--$+ 1+$1 ($6;%%1 8 5%"'/#%7 '+1-;%1+
V
>
V
, *,+#$) *,-#1"-5 W PW +$-1%
A7+1("65
>
>
X (16$ ;A ,2 Y;*#5 ,2 Z$%%"-" 8 #;3;%$5 9
>
5#+1"'/#
#;3;%$5 ,A$- "-#, 6;*#5 *1%%$6 #/$
*1%7*$5 4/"*/ ,A$- "-#,
$(A#7 5A1*$6 ,2
L"6-$7 8 +$-1% A$%0"5 9
>
2+,( #;3;%$5 0"1
;+"-$ A155$5
*1%7*$5 #/$- "-#, #/$ A$%0"5 4/$+$ "# 6+1"-5 "-#, ;+$#$+5
>
("*+,5*,A"* 5#+;*#;+$ *,-(1-
E
($6;#1
#,
>
L"6-$7 2;-*#",-1% ;-"# ,2 #/$ -$A/+,-
-" [O&$5
, "5
$6
/15 (,+$ #/1- N ("%%",-
L"6-$7
`$$a1#7
-$A/+,-5
$1*/
]Q^( 6"1($#$+ 1-6 13,;# TQ _Q(( b
%,-'
>
"-
\ 3%,,6 1-6 -c
<
+$5A,-5"3%$ 2,+ 2"%#$+"-' (1L"-' ;+"-$ >
+#5
#/1# "5 *1++"$6 0"1
*1%7*$5
1-6
*,%%$*#"-'
6;*#5
d
c*1("5
N# $21e
> 1+(
EE
IF! O!@FfKO
>/$c1%A%'/"1-3Q67(
P E
V
'%,($+;%;5 g Z,4(1- 5 *1A5;%$
h"$5 "- *,+#$) 5A/$+"*1% 1-6 0"5"3%$ #, -1L$6
$7$
D
B
Z,4(1- 5 *1A5;%$ 6,;3%$ 41%%$6 =;A 4/"*/ 5;++,;-65 #/$
'%,($+;%;5 8 *1A"%%1+"$5 -$#4,+L 9
D .
122$+$-#
c1+#$-,#
$
$22$+$-# f$-1% 1+#$+7 5;36"0"6$5 "-#, 1+#$+",%$5 $1*/ -$A/+,- /15 1- 122$+$-#
/"'/
E
B
A+$55;+$ >
1+#$+",%$
#/$-
1+#$+",%$ 4/"*/ 5;36"0"6$5 #, 2,+(
'%,($+;%$ *1A"%%1+"$5 #/$5$
+
4"6$+ B
: < ($/
+$;-"#$ #, 2,+( #/$ $22$+$-# 1+#$+",%$ !22$+$-# 1+#$+",%$ #/$- 5;36"0"6$5
3*,14A+'-;e$-5
>
E
#, 2,+( A$+" #;3;%1+ *1A"%%1+7 -$#4,+L 4/"*/ 5;++,;-65 #/$ +$-1% #;3;%$
i H%#+1 2"%#+1#",- #1L$5 A%1*$ "- +$-1% *,+A;5*%$
'%,($+;%;5
>
>
A+,)"(1% *,-0,%;#$
#;3;%$
UE I/$ +$-1% #;3;%$ .
"
-1++,4 1-6 *,-0,%;#$6
j$+7
D
D A+,)"(1% *,-0,%;#$6 #;3;%$ 4/"*/ %"$5 "- *,+#$)
D %,,A ,2 F$-%$ "5 "- ($6;%%1 1-6 *,-5"5#5 ,2 1
6$5*$-6"-'
4/"*/ 6,;3%$ 31*L5 %,,A
15*$-6"-'
15 #/$ ,2 #/$
D I/$ #;3$ +$
>
$-#$+5 #/$ *,+#$) 15 #/$ 6"5#1% *,-0,%;#$6 #;3;%$
#, $-5;+$
,-%7 415#$ A+,6;*#5 1+$ *,%%$*#$6
!)*/1-'$ 5;35#1-*$5
D
37 *,%%$*#"-' 6;*#5
6$#1"%$6 5#+;*#;+$ 1-6 2;-*#",- ,2 #/$ -$A/+,-
:
-$A/+,-5 2;-*#",- #, (1"-#1"- /,($,5#15"5
>
D I/$ N5 1-6 "# 6,$5 #/"5 0"1 T A+,*$55$5
2"3+1#",- d H%#+1 2"%#+1#",- (1#
'%,($+;%1+ "- #/$
A/%'%1- 3,67
D
I;3;%1+ +$135,+A#",- 2+,( #/$ A+,)"(1% *,-0,%;#$6 #;3;%$ 1-6 ,2 F$-%$
6$5*$-6"-' h,,A
D
E
D
I;3;%1+ $)*+$#",- (1"-%7 "-#, 6"5#1% *,-0,%;#$6 #;3;%$
