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TEST
2026
Master Exam Prep Bundle
(Verified Questions & Answers)
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,Carboxylate product of reacting carboxylic acid with Grignard reaction
Alkane formed when acidic starting materials are reacted with either gringnard reagents or
organolithium
ex: water, alcohols, carboxylic acids, thioles (RSH), terminal alkynes, and primary
and secondary amines
Ketone formed when nitrile (CN) is reacted with grignard reagents
LiAlH(OR)3 converts acid chlorides into aldehydes
-milder form of LiAlH4
LiAlH4 reagent used to convert amides into amines
1. B2 2. NaOH aka Hoffman rearrangement
-converts an amide into an amine and shortens the carbon chain by 1
LiAlH4 converts cyanide (CN) into amine
Acetal formed when an aldehyde or ketone is reacting with an alcohol in acidic conditions
Hemi acetal formed when an aldehyde or ketone is reacting with an alcohol in basic conditions
Acetal
Hemi-acetal
Wittig reaction ketone or aldehyde reacting with R=PPh3 to form an alkene
Michael addition add to the end of the conjugate alkene
-reagents that do this are CN, HNR2, R2CuLi, HSR, and HOR
Carboxylic acid formed when nitrile is reacting with H3O+ and heat
Aldol condensation reaction reaction that happens when the starting material is an aldehyde or a ketone and the
reagent is OH, H2O
2026
,Claisen condensation similar to aldol rxn but uses esters
-OR group in starting molecule and reagent must match
Imines formed when primary amines are reacted with aldehydes or ketones
Imine molecule that has a carbon nitrogen double bond
Enamine formed when a secondary amine is reacted with an aldehyde or ketone
Enamine molecule that has an alkene with an amine
-double bond formed on the less substituted side
Amine formed when amide is reacted with LiAlH4
2.54 how many cm are in 1 inch
matter anything that takes up space and has mass
element a pure substance that has specific physical/chemical properties and can't be broken
down into a simpler substance
atom the smallest unit of matter that still retains the chemical properties of the element
molecule two or more atoms that are joined together
intramolecular force attractive forces that act on atoms within a molecule
-ionic bonds, covalent bonds, metallic bonds
intermolecular forces attractive forces that exist between molecules and affect physical properties of the
substance
-dipole dipole, hydrogen bonding, london dispersion forces
Starch polysaccharide that is a form of energy storage for plants
Glycogen polysaccharide that is a form of energy storage in animals
2026
, Cellulose polysaccharide that has structural functions in plant cell walls
Chitin polysaccharide that has structural functions in exoskeletons and fungi cell walls
Proteins contain an amine, carboxyl, and R group (CHON)
Peptide bonds bonds that hold amino acids together to form polypeptides
Primary protein structure simple amino acid sequence connected via peptide bonds
Secondary protein structure intermolecular forces between polypeptide backbone to form alpha helices and beta
pleated sheets
-due to hydrogen bonding
Tertiary protein structure 3-D structure of protein due to interactions between R groups
-due to disulfide bonds
Quaternary protein structure multiple polypeptide chains interlinking to form one big protein
Protein denaturation can occur due to high or low temp, pH changes, and salt concentrations
-describes the loss of protein function
-only primary structure is maintained
Active site refers to the site on a enzyme where an substrate binds
Induced fit theory describes how the active site on the enzyme will mold to fit the substrate when it
binds
Phosphatase chops off a phosphate group off of a substrate molecule
Phosphorylase directly adds a phosphate group to a substrate molecule
Kinase indirectly adds a phosphate group to a substrate molecule by grabbing a phosphate
from ATP
Competitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor tries to bind to an active site to prevent the substrate from
binding
-can be outcompeted by adding more substrate
-causes Km to increase while Vmax stays the same
2026
TEST
2026
Master Exam Prep Bundle
(Verified Questions & Answers)
A+ Grade Guaranteed
,Carboxylate product of reacting carboxylic acid with Grignard reaction
Alkane formed when acidic starting materials are reacted with either gringnard reagents or
organolithium
ex: water, alcohols, carboxylic acids, thioles (RSH), terminal alkynes, and primary
and secondary amines
Ketone formed when nitrile (CN) is reacted with grignard reagents
LiAlH(OR)3 converts acid chlorides into aldehydes
-milder form of LiAlH4
LiAlH4 reagent used to convert amides into amines
1. B2 2. NaOH aka Hoffman rearrangement
-converts an amide into an amine and shortens the carbon chain by 1
LiAlH4 converts cyanide (CN) into amine
Acetal formed when an aldehyde or ketone is reacting with an alcohol in acidic conditions
Hemi acetal formed when an aldehyde or ketone is reacting with an alcohol in basic conditions
Acetal
Hemi-acetal
Wittig reaction ketone or aldehyde reacting with R=PPh3 to form an alkene
Michael addition add to the end of the conjugate alkene
-reagents that do this are CN, HNR2, R2CuLi, HSR, and HOR
Carboxylic acid formed when nitrile is reacting with H3O+ and heat
Aldol condensation reaction reaction that happens when the starting material is an aldehyde or a ketone and the
reagent is OH, H2O
2026
,Claisen condensation similar to aldol rxn but uses esters
-OR group in starting molecule and reagent must match
Imines formed when primary amines are reacted with aldehydes or ketones
Imine molecule that has a carbon nitrogen double bond
Enamine formed when a secondary amine is reacted with an aldehyde or ketone
Enamine molecule that has an alkene with an amine
-double bond formed on the less substituted side
Amine formed when amide is reacted with LiAlH4
2.54 how many cm are in 1 inch
matter anything that takes up space and has mass
element a pure substance that has specific physical/chemical properties and can't be broken
down into a simpler substance
atom the smallest unit of matter that still retains the chemical properties of the element
molecule two or more atoms that are joined together
intramolecular force attractive forces that act on atoms within a molecule
-ionic bonds, covalent bonds, metallic bonds
intermolecular forces attractive forces that exist between molecules and affect physical properties of the
substance
-dipole dipole, hydrogen bonding, london dispersion forces
Starch polysaccharide that is a form of energy storage for plants
Glycogen polysaccharide that is a form of energy storage in animals
2026
, Cellulose polysaccharide that has structural functions in plant cell walls
Chitin polysaccharide that has structural functions in exoskeletons and fungi cell walls
Proteins contain an amine, carboxyl, and R group (CHON)
Peptide bonds bonds that hold amino acids together to form polypeptides
Primary protein structure simple amino acid sequence connected via peptide bonds
Secondary protein structure intermolecular forces between polypeptide backbone to form alpha helices and beta
pleated sheets
-due to hydrogen bonding
Tertiary protein structure 3-D structure of protein due to interactions between R groups
-due to disulfide bonds
Quaternary protein structure multiple polypeptide chains interlinking to form one big protein
Protein denaturation can occur due to high or low temp, pH changes, and salt concentrations
-describes the loss of protein function
-only primary structure is maintained
Active site refers to the site on a enzyme where an substrate binds
Induced fit theory describes how the active site on the enzyme will mold to fit the substrate when it
binds
Phosphatase chops off a phosphate group off of a substrate molecule
Phosphorylase directly adds a phosphate group to a substrate molecule
Kinase indirectly adds a phosphate group to a substrate molecule by grabbing a phosphate
from ATP
Competitive inhibition occurs when an inhibitor tries to bind to an active site to prevent the substrate from
binding
-can be outcompeted by adding more substrate
-causes Km to increase while Vmax stays the same
2026
