NR 507 ADVANCED PATHO – MIDTERM
EXAM PREP NEWEST 2025/2026 ACTUAL
EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) WITH DE TAILED
RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED
A+||BRAND NEW VERSION!!
1. A biopsy of a chronically inflamed gallbladder shows cells that have
decreased in size due to reduced workload. This process is called:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and organ size due to disuse,
ischemia, or reduced hormonal stimulation.
2. A patient with Barrett’s esophagus has replacement of normal stratified
squamous epithelium with intestinal-type columnar epithelium. This
change is known as:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
,Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one differentiated cell
type replaces another, often due to chronic irritation (GERD → Barrett’s).
3. Which of the following is an example of physiologic hypertrophy?
A. Left ventricular enlargement in hypertension
B. Skeletal muscle enlargement in bodybuilders
C. Benign prostatic hyperplasia in aging men
D. Endometrial hyperplasia during the menstrual cycle
Rationale: Physiologic hypertrophy occurs in response to increased
demand (e.g., exercise). Pathologic hypertrophy (hypertension) is
maladaptive.
4. A pathologist notes cells with large, hyperchromatic nuclei and loss of
normal polarity. These changes are most consistent with:
A. Metaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Hyperplasia
Rationale: Dysplasia features disordered cellular growth, nuclear atypia,
and loss of architecture, often premalignant.
5. Reversible cell injury is characterized by:
A. Nuclear pyknosis
B. Cellular swelling and fatty change
C. Karyorrhexis
D. Karyolysis
Rationale: Cellular swelling (hydropic change) and fatty change are
reversible. Nuclear changes indicate irreversible injury (necrosis).
6. Which type of necrosis is most characteristic of the brain following a
stroke?
A. Coagulative necrosis
, B. Caseous necrosis
C. Liquefactive necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Rationale: Brain infarction leads to liquefactive necrosis due to enzymatic
digestion, forming a cystic cavity.
7. A patient with tuberculosis has a lung lesion with a cheese-like
appearance. This is:
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Gangrenous necrosis
D. Fibrinoid necrosis
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (from TB or fungal infection) appears friable,
yellow-white, and cheesy.
8. Enzymatic fat necrosis is most commonly seen in:
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Acute pancreatitis
C. Ischemic bowel
D. Infarcted kidney
Rationale: Pancreatic lipases digest peripancreatic fat, releasing fatty
acids that bind calcium (saponification).
9. Which cellular organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production and
is damaged in hypoxic injury?
A. Lysosome
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Rationale: Mitochondria produce ATP; hypoxia impairs oxidative
phosphorylation, leading to ATP depletion and cell injury.
EXAM PREP NEWEST 2025/2026 ACTUAL
EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) WITH DE TAILED
RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED
A+||BRAND NEW VERSION!!
1. A biopsy of a chronically inflamed gallbladder shows cells that have
decreased in size due to reduced workload. This process is called:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and organ size due to disuse,
ischemia, or reduced hormonal stimulation.
2. A patient with Barrett’s esophagus has replacement of normal stratified
squamous epithelium with intestinal-type columnar epithelium. This
change is known as:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
,Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one differentiated cell
type replaces another, often due to chronic irritation (GERD → Barrett’s).
3. Which of the following is an example of physiologic hypertrophy?
A. Left ventricular enlargement in hypertension
B. Skeletal muscle enlargement in bodybuilders
C. Benign prostatic hyperplasia in aging men
D. Endometrial hyperplasia during the menstrual cycle
Rationale: Physiologic hypertrophy occurs in response to increased
demand (e.g., exercise). Pathologic hypertrophy (hypertension) is
maladaptive.
4. A pathologist notes cells with large, hyperchromatic nuclei and loss of
normal polarity. These changes are most consistent with:
A. Metaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Hyperplasia
Rationale: Dysplasia features disordered cellular growth, nuclear atypia,
and loss of architecture, often premalignant.
5. Reversible cell injury is characterized by:
A. Nuclear pyknosis
B. Cellular swelling and fatty change
C. Karyorrhexis
D. Karyolysis
Rationale: Cellular swelling (hydropic change) and fatty change are
reversible. Nuclear changes indicate irreversible injury (necrosis).
6. Which type of necrosis is most characteristic of the brain following a
stroke?
A. Coagulative necrosis
, B. Caseous necrosis
C. Liquefactive necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Rationale: Brain infarction leads to liquefactive necrosis due to enzymatic
digestion, forming a cystic cavity.
7. A patient with tuberculosis has a lung lesion with a cheese-like
appearance. This is:
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Gangrenous necrosis
D. Fibrinoid necrosis
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (from TB or fungal infection) appears friable,
yellow-white, and cheesy.
8. Enzymatic fat necrosis is most commonly seen in:
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Acute pancreatitis
C. Ischemic bowel
D. Infarcted kidney
Rationale: Pancreatic lipases digest peripancreatic fat, releasing fatty
acids that bind calcium (saponification).
9. Which cellular organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production and
is damaged in hypoxic injury?
A. Lysosome
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Rationale: Mitochondria produce ATP; hypoxia impairs oxidative
phosphorylation, leading to ATP depletion and cell injury.
