H AND R BLOCK TAX PREPARER
CERTIFICATION TEST PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥Step 4 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction. Answer: Adenylyl cyclase
catalyzes the formation of cAMP from ATP
⩥Step 5 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction. Answer: cAMP
phosphorylates PKA, activating it
⩥Step 6 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction. Answer: Phosphorylated
PKA causes an enzyme cascade causing response to epinephrine
⩥Step 7 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction. Answer: cAMP is
degraded, reversing activation of PKA. α-subunit hydrolyzes GTP to
GDP and becomes inactivated.
⩥cAMP. Answer: Secondary messenger in GPCR signalling. Formed
from ATP by adenylyl cyclase. Activates PKA (protein kinase A).
⩥AKAP. Answer: Anchoring protein that binds to PKA, GPCR, and
adenylyl cyclase.
,⩥GAPs (GTPase activator proteins). Answer: Increase activity of
GTPase activity in α-subunit of GPCR.
⩥ßARK and ßarr. Answer: Used in desensitization. ßARK
phosphorylates receptors and ßarr draws receptor into the cell via
endocytosis
⩥RTKs (Receptor Tyrosine Kinases). Answer: Have tyrosine kinase
activity that phosphorylates a tyrosine residue in target proteins
⩥INSR (Insulin Receptor Protein). Answer: Form of RTK. Catalytic
domains undergo auto-phosphorylation.
⩥INSR signalling cascade. Answer: INSR phosphorlates IRS-1 that
causes a kinase cascade.
⩥INSR cross-talk. Answer: INSR causes a kinase cascade that alters
gene expression and phosphorlates ß-adrenergic receptor causing its
endocytosis.
⩥NADH. Answer:
⩥FADH2. Answer: Single-electron transfer
, ⩥NADPH. Answer:
⩥FMN. Answer: Single electron transfer.
⩥Step 1 of Glycolysis. Answer: Glucose --> Glucose 6-phosphate.
Uses hexokinase enzyme.
ATP --> ADP
⩥Step 2 of Glycolysis. Answer: Glucose 6-phosphate <--> Fructose 6-
phosphate
Uses phosphohexose isomerase enzyme.
⩥Step 3 of Glycolysis. Answer: Fructose 6-phosphate --> Fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate
Uses PFK-1 (phosphofructokinase-1) enzyme.
ATP --> ADP
⩥First Committed Step of Glycolysis. Answer: Step 3 of Glycolysis.
Fructose 6-Phosphate --> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. (PFK-1)
⩥Step 4 of Glycolysis. Answer: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate <-->
dihydroxyacetone + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Uses aldolase enzyme.
CERTIFICATION TEST PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥Step 4 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction. Answer: Adenylyl cyclase
catalyzes the formation of cAMP from ATP
⩥Step 5 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction. Answer: cAMP
phosphorylates PKA, activating it
⩥Step 6 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction. Answer: Phosphorylated
PKA causes an enzyme cascade causing response to epinephrine
⩥Step 7 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction. Answer: cAMP is
degraded, reversing activation of PKA. α-subunit hydrolyzes GTP to
GDP and becomes inactivated.
⩥cAMP. Answer: Secondary messenger in GPCR signalling. Formed
from ATP by adenylyl cyclase. Activates PKA (protein kinase A).
⩥AKAP. Answer: Anchoring protein that binds to PKA, GPCR, and
adenylyl cyclase.
,⩥GAPs (GTPase activator proteins). Answer: Increase activity of
GTPase activity in α-subunit of GPCR.
⩥ßARK and ßarr. Answer: Used in desensitization. ßARK
phosphorylates receptors and ßarr draws receptor into the cell via
endocytosis
⩥RTKs (Receptor Tyrosine Kinases). Answer: Have tyrosine kinase
activity that phosphorylates a tyrosine residue in target proteins
⩥INSR (Insulin Receptor Protein). Answer: Form of RTK. Catalytic
domains undergo auto-phosphorylation.
⩥INSR signalling cascade. Answer: INSR phosphorlates IRS-1 that
causes a kinase cascade.
⩥INSR cross-talk. Answer: INSR causes a kinase cascade that alters
gene expression and phosphorlates ß-adrenergic receptor causing its
endocytosis.
⩥NADH. Answer:
⩥FADH2. Answer: Single-electron transfer
, ⩥NADPH. Answer:
⩥FMN. Answer: Single electron transfer.
⩥Step 1 of Glycolysis. Answer: Glucose --> Glucose 6-phosphate.
Uses hexokinase enzyme.
ATP --> ADP
⩥Step 2 of Glycolysis. Answer: Glucose 6-phosphate <--> Fructose 6-
phosphate
Uses phosphohexose isomerase enzyme.
⩥Step 3 of Glycolysis. Answer: Fructose 6-phosphate --> Fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate
Uses PFK-1 (phosphofructokinase-1) enzyme.
ATP --> ADP
⩥First Committed Step of Glycolysis. Answer: Step 3 of Glycolysis.
Fructose 6-Phosphate --> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. (PFK-1)
⩥Step 4 of Glycolysis. Answer: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate <-->
dihydroxyacetone + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Uses aldolase enzyme.
