ADVANCED Microbiology Exam 2 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS UPDATED 2025/2026 WITH RATIONE ANSWERS
LATEST VERSION
Polyhedrical Capsid
These are icosahedron, and are 20 triangle shapes, with 12 corners.
THEY CAN BE WITH OR WITHOUT ENVELOPE
-Without envelope, you can see their individual caposomere and their many different triangular
faces of the Capsid
WITH envelope, they appear ordinarily spherical, and like a normal cell. (Some have spikes)
Complex Capsid
They have a variety of weird shapes within the one virus cell, and look just straight up weird.
They can be bacteriaphages and just look mutuant
Family names suffix for Taxonomy
-viridae
Ex. Herpesviridae
T Cells
Lymphocytes that are mature under influence of thymus
*They secrete cytokines instead of antibodies.
Cytokines are chemical messengers hat give instructions to other cells to preform certain
functions
*Connected to Cell mediated Adaptive immunity
Antigens
1) Proteins
2) Polysaccharides
When Nucleoproteins or lipoproteins combine with the proteins or polysaccharides,t hey can
act as though they are antigens
ANTIGENS ARE COMPONENTS OF THE CELL WALL, AND IT IS THE "MARKER"
,Antibodies
A PROTEIN made in RESPONSE to an antigen.
The "Y" like projections that are the missing puzzle piece for the antigen and fit together.
Lymphocytes
B and T cells
Both are found in the lymph nodes.
They might be differentiated in different places (bones and thymus) but, they are still going to
be released from your lymph nodes (that's why they swell when you're sick, they're sending out
these B and T cells)
Variable (V)
Found on the distal "Y" end of the antibody, their stucture reflects the nature/structure of the
antigen for which they are specific for - they are specific to the two antigen binding sites found
on each antibody monomer
IgM
*Antibody (Ig)
*"M" to describe "macro" which means large in size.
*It is a pentamer, so 5 monomers joined together at J chain
*It is large, so it cannot easily move around. It is simply in the blood, and found in the
circulatory system since it cannot move so quickly into tissues.
*First molecule to be found after an antigen exposure, so it's the first antibody to be available
to react to this foreign antigen.
*most effective antibody to use aggulation and to promote phagocytosis.
*It is a great clumping agent - perfect for agglutination.
IgG
Gamma=Deep penetrating=Galloping horse=QUICK
*Most common found in serum - 80%
*They pass through the walls of blood vessels to enter tissue fluids in cases of inflammation.
Meaning they are the ones that cross the placental layer from mother to fetus by using passive
immunity
, *They move rather quickly
*They appear after the IgM (because they're moving to more places than just within the
cardiovascular system)
*IgGs are found to enhance phagocytosis by opsonization
Genus name suffix Taxonomy
-virus
Genus Simplexvirus
Ex. Herpesvirus
Viral species
A group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (niche=host)
Viral species are designated by descriptive common names, such as human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV),
Subspecies
They are determined by the NUMBER that is attached to the specific genus of the family. These
are viruses that can affect humans
HIV-1, HIV-2
Plaque
Areas of clearing where the the virus has killed the bacteria
PFU
Plaque Forming Unit
*Concentrations of viral suspensions measured by the number of plaques
Cytopathic Effect
CPE
This is cell deterioration after a virus infects a monolayer of cells that appears to be growing
just fine.
The cells clump together as they deteriorate.
Virion
ANSWERS UPDATED 2025/2026 WITH RATIONE ANSWERS
LATEST VERSION
Polyhedrical Capsid
These are icosahedron, and are 20 triangle shapes, with 12 corners.
THEY CAN BE WITH OR WITHOUT ENVELOPE
-Without envelope, you can see their individual caposomere and their many different triangular
faces of the Capsid
WITH envelope, they appear ordinarily spherical, and like a normal cell. (Some have spikes)
Complex Capsid
They have a variety of weird shapes within the one virus cell, and look just straight up weird.
They can be bacteriaphages and just look mutuant
Family names suffix for Taxonomy
-viridae
Ex. Herpesviridae
T Cells
Lymphocytes that are mature under influence of thymus
*They secrete cytokines instead of antibodies.
Cytokines are chemical messengers hat give instructions to other cells to preform certain
functions
*Connected to Cell mediated Adaptive immunity
Antigens
1) Proteins
2) Polysaccharides
When Nucleoproteins or lipoproteins combine with the proteins or polysaccharides,t hey can
act as though they are antigens
ANTIGENS ARE COMPONENTS OF THE CELL WALL, AND IT IS THE "MARKER"
,Antibodies
A PROTEIN made in RESPONSE to an antigen.
The "Y" like projections that are the missing puzzle piece for the antigen and fit together.
Lymphocytes
B and T cells
Both are found in the lymph nodes.
They might be differentiated in different places (bones and thymus) but, they are still going to
be released from your lymph nodes (that's why they swell when you're sick, they're sending out
these B and T cells)
Variable (V)
Found on the distal "Y" end of the antibody, their stucture reflects the nature/structure of the
antigen for which they are specific for - they are specific to the two antigen binding sites found
on each antibody monomer
IgM
*Antibody (Ig)
*"M" to describe "macro" which means large in size.
*It is a pentamer, so 5 monomers joined together at J chain
*It is large, so it cannot easily move around. It is simply in the blood, and found in the
circulatory system since it cannot move so quickly into tissues.
*First molecule to be found after an antigen exposure, so it's the first antibody to be available
to react to this foreign antigen.
*most effective antibody to use aggulation and to promote phagocytosis.
*It is a great clumping agent - perfect for agglutination.
IgG
Gamma=Deep penetrating=Galloping horse=QUICK
*Most common found in serum - 80%
*They pass through the walls of blood vessels to enter tissue fluids in cases of inflammation.
Meaning they are the ones that cross the placental layer from mother to fetus by using passive
immunity
, *They move rather quickly
*They appear after the IgM (because they're moving to more places than just within the
cardiovascular system)
*IgGs are found to enhance phagocytosis by opsonization
Genus name suffix Taxonomy
-virus
Genus Simplexvirus
Ex. Herpesvirus
Viral species
A group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (niche=host)
Viral species are designated by descriptive common names, such as human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV),
Subspecies
They are determined by the NUMBER that is attached to the specific genus of the family. These
are viruses that can affect humans
HIV-1, HIV-2
Plaque
Areas of clearing where the the virus has killed the bacteria
PFU
Plaque Forming Unit
*Concentrations of viral suspensions measured by the number of plaques
Cytopathic Effect
CPE
This is cell deterioration after a virus infects a monolayer of cells that appears to be growing
just fine.
The cells clump together as they deteriorate.
Virion
