FAIRLEIGH DICKINSON UNIVERSITY
SPRING SEMESTER 2026
TEACHER: DR. BENZECRY
STUDENT: G. HART
BIOLOGY:
MICROBIOLOGY FOR
HEALTH SCIENCES
CHAPTER 1: TOPIC 1 - CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
A.) ATOMS - basic units of matter such as air, water, and your body is made of atoms
Atoms have three (3) mainparts:
- Protons (+)
- Neutrons (No Charge)
- Electrons (-)
2
B.) WHAT IS ALBERT EINSTERIN MEANT BY THIS FORMULA E=𝑀𝐶
E and M (mass) are interchangeable and just different forms of the same thing
- C2 (speed of light) is very big number, that is why the energy is so large
- this idea explains how nuclear reaction like the sun produce so much energy
,C.) CONTRAST AND COMPARE KE AND PE
I.) KINETIC ENERGY
- Energy of motion
- faster movement more KE
2
Formula: KE = ½ 𝑚𝑣
II.) POTENTIAL ENERGY
- stored energy due to position or condition
- higher position the more gravitational PE
Formula: PE =mgh
D.) STAGES OF MATTER BASED ON KINETIC ENERGY
SOLID → Low KE, vibrate but don’t move, tightly packed
LIQUID → Medium KE, slide past each other
GAS → High KE, move freely and quickly
Simple Summary:
LOW KE - SOLID
MED KE - LIQUID
HIGH KE - GAS
E.) COMPARE AND CONTRAST ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND COMPOUND
I.) ATOM - smallest unit of matter
- protons, neutrons, and electrons
ex: oxygen (1) → “O”
II.) MOLECULE - 2 or more atoms chemically bonded
- can be the same type of atom or different types
ex: O2 (2 oxygen)
H2O (hydrogen + oxygen)
III.) COMPOUND - substance made of 2 or more different elements chemically bonded
ex: H2O (water)
NaCL (table salt) → sodium chloride Na+ + Cl- IONS
F.) DEFINE → IONS, SALT, ACID, BASE & BUFFERS, FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
I.) IONS → atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons
Cation +
Anion -
II.) SALT → an iconic compound made from + and - ions, formed when an acid reacts
with a base
Example: NaCl → Sodium Chloride
,G.) PH: ACIDS & BASES
ACIDIC: Substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+)
BASE: substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-)
BUFFER: A solution group of atoms in organic molecules, usually made of a weak acid and its
conjugate base
pH - defined as the degree of acidity and alkalinity (basicity) of a solution. It is expressed by the pH
scale ranging from 0 to 14. The ph of fresh pure water (7.0) is designated as neutral, neither acidic
nor basic. Any pH value 7.0 is considered alkaline, and below 7.0 as acidic. The majority of
organisms are neutrophils and live or grow in habitats between ph 6 and 8 because strong acids and
bases can highlight damage to enzymes and other cellular substances.
H.) FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
- give molecules their chemical properties
Examples:
Hydroxyl (-OH)
Carboxyl (-COOH)
Amino (-NH2)
a specific grouping of atoms within a molecule that determines its characteristic chemical properties
and reactivity
I.) NAME AND DEFINE THE FUNCTION OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS:
I.) HYDROXYL (ALCOHOL) R-OH
- Makes molecules polar and able to form hydrogen bonds
- increases solubility in H2O
- common in sugars and alcohols
A functional group consisting of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom
II.) ALDEHYDE GROUP
- found at the end of a carbon chain
- reactive group involved in forming larger molecules
- common in sugars
Highly reactive organic functional group characterized by a carbonyl carbon double bonded
to an oxygen and single-bonded to a hydrogen atom, and to either a carbon chain or another
hydrogen.
III.) KETONE GROUP
, - Carbonyl group located within a carbon chain
- Important in energy related molecules
- Involved in chemical reactions like condensation
Ketone is an organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two (2) carbon based
substituents
IV.) CARBOXYL ACID
- acts an acid (H+ donation)
- found in amino acids and fatty acid
- acidic properties
Functional group characterized by a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and
single-bonded to a hydroxyl group
V.) AMINO ACID
- acts as a base (can accept H+)
- amino acids and proteins
- important for building proteins
Amino group is a functional group with a formula -NH2, consisting of a nitrogen atom
covalently bonded to two (2) hydrogen atoms
VI.) PHOSPHATE GROUP
- Involved in energy transfer (like ATP)
- makes molecules negatively (-) charged
- DNA, RNA add cell membranes
A functional group essential to life, consisting of on phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen
atoms
VII.) SULFHYFRYL (THIOL)
- can form disulfide bonds (-S-S-)
- helps stabilize protein structure
- found in the amino acids → like cysteine
A functional group composed of a sulfur atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom
J.) DESCRIBE THE FOUR (4) TYPES OF MOLECULAR BONDING: COVALENT, IONIC,
HYDROGEN, AND PEPTIDE BOND
I.) COVALENT BOND - sharing of electron (-)
Polar: unequal sharing
Non-polar: equal sharing
II.) IONIC BOND - transferred electron from one (1) to another
Cation +
Anion -
III.) HYDROGEN BOND - weak attraction between positive end of the on polar
molecules and the negative end of another polar molecule
SPRING SEMESTER 2026
TEACHER: DR. BENZECRY
STUDENT: G. HART
BIOLOGY:
MICROBIOLOGY FOR
HEALTH SCIENCES
CHAPTER 1: TOPIC 1 - CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
A.) ATOMS - basic units of matter such as air, water, and your body is made of atoms
Atoms have three (3) mainparts:
- Protons (+)
- Neutrons (No Charge)
- Electrons (-)
2
B.) WHAT IS ALBERT EINSTERIN MEANT BY THIS FORMULA E=𝑀𝐶
E and M (mass) are interchangeable and just different forms of the same thing
- C2 (speed of light) is very big number, that is why the energy is so large
- this idea explains how nuclear reaction like the sun produce so much energy
,C.) CONTRAST AND COMPARE KE AND PE
I.) KINETIC ENERGY
- Energy of motion
- faster movement more KE
2
Formula: KE = ½ 𝑚𝑣
II.) POTENTIAL ENERGY
- stored energy due to position or condition
- higher position the more gravitational PE
Formula: PE =mgh
D.) STAGES OF MATTER BASED ON KINETIC ENERGY
SOLID → Low KE, vibrate but don’t move, tightly packed
LIQUID → Medium KE, slide past each other
GAS → High KE, move freely and quickly
Simple Summary:
LOW KE - SOLID
MED KE - LIQUID
HIGH KE - GAS
E.) COMPARE AND CONTRAST ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND COMPOUND
I.) ATOM - smallest unit of matter
- protons, neutrons, and electrons
ex: oxygen (1) → “O”
II.) MOLECULE - 2 or more atoms chemically bonded
- can be the same type of atom or different types
ex: O2 (2 oxygen)
H2O (hydrogen + oxygen)
III.) COMPOUND - substance made of 2 or more different elements chemically bonded
ex: H2O (water)
NaCL (table salt) → sodium chloride Na+ + Cl- IONS
F.) DEFINE → IONS, SALT, ACID, BASE & BUFFERS, FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
I.) IONS → atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons
Cation +
Anion -
II.) SALT → an iconic compound made from + and - ions, formed when an acid reacts
with a base
Example: NaCl → Sodium Chloride
,G.) PH: ACIDS & BASES
ACIDIC: Substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+)
BASE: substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-)
BUFFER: A solution group of atoms in organic molecules, usually made of a weak acid and its
conjugate base
pH - defined as the degree of acidity and alkalinity (basicity) of a solution. It is expressed by the pH
scale ranging from 0 to 14. The ph of fresh pure water (7.0) is designated as neutral, neither acidic
nor basic. Any pH value 7.0 is considered alkaline, and below 7.0 as acidic. The majority of
organisms are neutrophils and live or grow in habitats between ph 6 and 8 because strong acids and
bases can highlight damage to enzymes and other cellular substances.
H.) FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
- give molecules their chemical properties
Examples:
Hydroxyl (-OH)
Carboxyl (-COOH)
Amino (-NH2)
a specific grouping of atoms within a molecule that determines its characteristic chemical properties
and reactivity
I.) NAME AND DEFINE THE FUNCTION OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS:
I.) HYDROXYL (ALCOHOL) R-OH
- Makes molecules polar and able to form hydrogen bonds
- increases solubility in H2O
- common in sugars and alcohols
A functional group consisting of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom
II.) ALDEHYDE GROUP
- found at the end of a carbon chain
- reactive group involved in forming larger molecules
- common in sugars
Highly reactive organic functional group characterized by a carbonyl carbon double bonded
to an oxygen and single-bonded to a hydrogen atom, and to either a carbon chain or another
hydrogen.
III.) KETONE GROUP
, - Carbonyl group located within a carbon chain
- Important in energy related molecules
- Involved in chemical reactions like condensation
Ketone is an organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two (2) carbon based
substituents
IV.) CARBOXYL ACID
- acts an acid (H+ donation)
- found in amino acids and fatty acid
- acidic properties
Functional group characterized by a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and
single-bonded to a hydroxyl group
V.) AMINO ACID
- acts as a base (can accept H+)
- amino acids and proteins
- important for building proteins
Amino group is a functional group with a formula -NH2, consisting of a nitrogen atom
covalently bonded to two (2) hydrogen atoms
VI.) PHOSPHATE GROUP
- Involved in energy transfer (like ATP)
- makes molecules negatively (-) charged
- DNA, RNA add cell membranes
A functional group essential to life, consisting of on phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen
atoms
VII.) SULFHYFRYL (THIOL)
- can form disulfide bonds (-S-S-)
- helps stabilize protein structure
- found in the amino acids → like cysteine
A functional group composed of a sulfur atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom
J.) DESCRIBE THE FOUR (4) TYPES OF MOLECULAR BONDING: COVALENT, IONIC,
HYDROGEN, AND PEPTIDE BOND
I.) COVALENT BOND - sharing of electron (-)
Polar: unequal sharing
Non-polar: equal sharing
II.) IONIC BOND - transferred electron from one (1) to another
Cation +
Anion -
III.) HYDROGEN BOND - weak attraction between positive end of the on polar
molecules and the negative end of another polar molecule
