Penn Foster Veterinary Pharmacology
Final Exam Questions and Answers
Distinguish between hormonal, endocrine, and reproductive drugs - ✅✅-
Describe how drugs affect the nervous system - ✅✅-Drugs affect the nervous system by acting
at the synaptic junctions to promote neurotransmitter's activity, mimic their actions, or block
them from acting.
Identify examples of respiratory drugs - ✅✅-Expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives,
bronchodilators, decongestants
List which drugs are used to relieve pain and inflammation - ✅✅-NSAIDs, Opioids,
Antihistamines, muscle relaxers, steroids, nerve blocks
Summarize the difference between ophthalmic and otic drugs - ✅✅-
Compare and contrast cardiovascular and gastrointestinal drugs - ✅✅-
Describe how antiparasitic drugs work - ✅✅-Antiparasitic drugs work by destroying parasites or
inhibiting their growth. Most work by interfering with the parasite's nervous system to prevent
them from moving.
Discuss why replacement drugs are often necessary for animal health - ✅✅-
Explain the veterinary technician's role in inventory control - ✅✅-keeping the staff informed
regarding discontinued items, knowing the dates on which backordered items will be released
from the vendor, packing up goods awaiting return to the vendor (e.g., expired items), rotating
stock correctly, maintaining current prices on all products, organizing inventory for ease of
location and counting, receiving and inspecting orders on arrival at the veterinary facility, and
learning about new products.
Define: Agonist - ✅✅-Drug that has affinity for a receptor/stimulates receptor into action
Define: Contraindication - ✅✅-A reason not to use a drug in a particular situation Define:
Efficacy - ✅✅-the degree to which a drug produces its desired response.
Define: Over-the-counter drug - ✅✅-One that may be purchased without prescription from a
veterinarian
Define: Prescription Drug - ✅✅-One that must be used under the supervision of a veterinarina
,Define: Receptor - ✅✅-a group of specialized molecules on or in a cell that bind with a drug to
produce an effect
Define: Therapeutic Index - ✅✅-expresses the relationship between a drug's therapeutic and
harmful effects
Define: Withdrawl Time - ✅✅-Amount of time that must elapse between the end of drug therapy
and elimination of that drug from patients tissues or products
Define: Veterinarian-client-patient relationship - ✅✅-Relationship that must exist between the
vet, the patient, and the owner before prescription drugs can be dispensed.
List 4 sources of drugs used in Vet Med - ✅✅-Animal product, plant material, minerals,
synthetic products
What are 4 components of a drug regimen? - ✅✅-Dose, route, frequency, and duration of
administration.
Discuss the conditions that must be met before a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship
can be shown to exist - ✅✅-1.vet must assume responsibility for making clinical judgments in
relation to health of the animal.
2. Vet must have recently seen the animal and be acquainted with it's care.
3. Vet must be available for follow-up care of the animal
Discuss the responsibilities of a vet tech in the administration of drug orders - ✅✅-To carry out
the vet's orders correctly. should read the drug label three times to ensure proper drug is being
administered and should take care to administer correct dose by correct route. Should be aware
of the expected affects and potential adverse side effects and be able to monitor the patient.
Describe the sequence of events that a drug undergoes from administration to excretion -
✅✅-Drug is absorbed (or placed directly) into the bloodstream, the drug may bind with plasma
in the blood or may exist in free state, circulating blood distributes drug to capillary level where it
leaves circulation and enters interstitial fluid. it bathes the cell and allows drug to bind to cell
surface receptors or enter the cell. It then exits the cell and moves back into interstitial fluid,
reenters circulation, and is transported to liver for metabolism. The metabolite is then
transported to kidneys for excretion.
List 11 possible routes for administering a drug to a patient. - ✅✅-Oral, subcutaneous,
intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, intracardiac, intramedullary, inhalation,
topical, intradermal
List some of the factors that influence drug absorption - ✅✅-Method of absorption, pH of the
drug and ionization status, absorptive surface area, blood supply to area, solubility of drug,
dosage form, status of GI tract, and interactions with other drugs
,Most biotransformation occurs in the - ✅✅-Liver
Most drug excretion occurs via the - ✅✅-Kidneys
Drugs usually produce their effects by combining with specific cellular - ✅✅-Receptors
The drug name chosen by the manufacturer and is exclusive property of that company is called
- ✅✅-Trade/Proprietary Name
What are the 6 items that must be included on drug label? - ✅✅-names (generic and trade)
concentration, quantity, name and address of manufacturer, control or lot number, expiration
date
What are three government agencies that regulate the development, approval, and use of
animal health products? - ✅✅-FDA, EPA, USDA
Why do many vet clinics dispense rather than prescribe most of the drugs that they use? -
✅✅-Profit earned from selling products
Describe the marketing of animal health products - ✅✅-Purchased from manufacturers,
distributors, or generic mail order companies. May be sold only one label to graduate
veterinarians and under another as over-the-counter
all FDA-approved veterinary drugs are listed in the publication entitled - ✅✅-The Green
Book
What is the purpose of FARAD? - ✅✅-Provides resources concerning the avoidance of drug
residues in animals
Extralabel veterinary drug use was made legal (under prescribed circumstances) by what act of
congress? - ✅✅-Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA)
Define Compounding - ✅✅-Diluting or combingin existing drugs
What are potential dangers of residues in animal products - ✅✅-May cause allergic reaction or
neoplasia in people, may cause the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria
List 3 classes of drug interactions - ✅✅-Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmaceutic
Drug interaction can be anticipated when two drugs are given that are both metabolized by
the - ✅✅-Liver
, Define: Ethical Product - ✅✅-one sold only through veterinarians as a policy of the
manufacturer rather than by FDA requirement
Once a drug has been biotransformed, it is called a - ✅✅-Metabolite
A reason to use a drug is a(n) - ✅✅-Indication
Diagnostic method of choosing a drug is based on all of the following except
a. Practical experience
b. Assesment of the patient
c. Obtaining a history
d. Performing lab tests - ✅✅-A. Practical experience.
Define: extralabel - ✅✅-Using a drug in a way not specified by the label
Complex sequence of events that occurs after a drug is administered is called -
✅✅-Pharmacokinetics
Parenteral drugs are administered - ✅✅-by injections.
The body's ability to change a drug chemically from the form in which it was administered into a
form that can be eliminated from the body is called - ✅✅-Metabolism (biotransformation)
Degree to which a drug produces its desired response in a patient is called -
✅✅-efficacy
An adverse drug reaction is always life-threatening. T/F? - ✅✅-False
List the six practices recommended by the AVMA for the safe disposal of unwanted drugs. -
✅✅-1.Incinerate when possible
2. Send to landfill when incinerated
3. Never flush down drain or toilet
4. Maintain close inventory control
5. Follow state and federal guidelines
6. Educate clients on proper disposal techniques.
Name 4 common Drug Preparations - ✅✅-Drugs for oral administration, drugs for parenteral
administration, drugs for inhalation, and drugs for topical inhalations.
Boluses are used in the treatment of - ✅✅-Large animals with a balling gun
name two types of parenteral injection forms - ✅✅-injections, implants.
Final Exam Questions and Answers
Distinguish between hormonal, endocrine, and reproductive drugs - ✅✅-
Describe how drugs affect the nervous system - ✅✅-Drugs affect the nervous system by acting
at the synaptic junctions to promote neurotransmitter's activity, mimic their actions, or block
them from acting.
Identify examples of respiratory drugs - ✅✅-Expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives,
bronchodilators, decongestants
List which drugs are used to relieve pain and inflammation - ✅✅-NSAIDs, Opioids,
Antihistamines, muscle relaxers, steroids, nerve blocks
Summarize the difference between ophthalmic and otic drugs - ✅✅-
Compare and contrast cardiovascular and gastrointestinal drugs - ✅✅-
Describe how antiparasitic drugs work - ✅✅-Antiparasitic drugs work by destroying parasites or
inhibiting their growth. Most work by interfering with the parasite's nervous system to prevent
them from moving.
Discuss why replacement drugs are often necessary for animal health - ✅✅-
Explain the veterinary technician's role in inventory control - ✅✅-keeping the staff informed
regarding discontinued items, knowing the dates on which backordered items will be released
from the vendor, packing up goods awaiting return to the vendor (e.g., expired items), rotating
stock correctly, maintaining current prices on all products, organizing inventory for ease of
location and counting, receiving and inspecting orders on arrival at the veterinary facility, and
learning about new products.
Define: Agonist - ✅✅-Drug that has affinity for a receptor/stimulates receptor into action
Define: Contraindication - ✅✅-A reason not to use a drug in a particular situation Define:
Efficacy - ✅✅-the degree to which a drug produces its desired response.
Define: Over-the-counter drug - ✅✅-One that may be purchased without prescription from a
veterinarian
Define: Prescription Drug - ✅✅-One that must be used under the supervision of a veterinarina
,Define: Receptor - ✅✅-a group of specialized molecules on or in a cell that bind with a drug to
produce an effect
Define: Therapeutic Index - ✅✅-expresses the relationship between a drug's therapeutic and
harmful effects
Define: Withdrawl Time - ✅✅-Amount of time that must elapse between the end of drug therapy
and elimination of that drug from patients tissues or products
Define: Veterinarian-client-patient relationship - ✅✅-Relationship that must exist between the
vet, the patient, and the owner before prescription drugs can be dispensed.
List 4 sources of drugs used in Vet Med - ✅✅-Animal product, plant material, minerals,
synthetic products
What are 4 components of a drug regimen? - ✅✅-Dose, route, frequency, and duration of
administration.
Discuss the conditions that must be met before a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship
can be shown to exist - ✅✅-1.vet must assume responsibility for making clinical judgments in
relation to health of the animal.
2. Vet must have recently seen the animal and be acquainted with it's care.
3. Vet must be available for follow-up care of the animal
Discuss the responsibilities of a vet tech in the administration of drug orders - ✅✅-To carry out
the vet's orders correctly. should read the drug label three times to ensure proper drug is being
administered and should take care to administer correct dose by correct route. Should be aware
of the expected affects and potential adverse side effects and be able to monitor the patient.
Describe the sequence of events that a drug undergoes from administration to excretion -
✅✅-Drug is absorbed (or placed directly) into the bloodstream, the drug may bind with plasma
in the blood or may exist in free state, circulating blood distributes drug to capillary level where it
leaves circulation and enters interstitial fluid. it bathes the cell and allows drug to bind to cell
surface receptors or enter the cell. It then exits the cell and moves back into interstitial fluid,
reenters circulation, and is transported to liver for metabolism. The metabolite is then
transported to kidneys for excretion.
List 11 possible routes for administering a drug to a patient. - ✅✅-Oral, subcutaneous,
intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, intracardiac, intramedullary, inhalation,
topical, intradermal
List some of the factors that influence drug absorption - ✅✅-Method of absorption, pH of the
drug and ionization status, absorptive surface area, blood supply to area, solubility of drug,
dosage form, status of GI tract, and interactions with other drugs
,Most biotransformation occurs in the - ✅✅-Liver
Most drug excretion occurs via the - ✅✅-Kidneys
Drugs usually produce their effects by combining with specific cellular - ✅✅-Receptors
The drug name chosen by the manufacturer and is exclusive property of that company is called
- ✅✅-Trade/Proprietary Name
What are the 6 items that must be included on drug label? - ✅✅-names (generic and trade)
concentration, quantity, name and address of manufacturer, control or lot number, expiration
date
What are three government agencies that regulate the development, approval, and use of
animal health products? - ✅✅-FDA, EPA, USDA
Why do many vet clinics dispense rather than prescribe most of the drugs that they use? -
✅✅-Profit earned from selling products
Describe the marketing of animal health products - ✅✅-Purchased from manufacturers,
distributors, or generic mail order companies. May be sold only one label to graduate
veterinarians and under another as over-the-counter
all FDA-approved veterinary drugs are listed in the publication entitled - ✅✅-The Green
Book
What is the purpose of FARAD? - ✅✅-Provides resources concerning the avoidance of drug
residues in animals
Extralabel veterinary drug use was made legal (under prescribed circumstances) by what act of
congress? - ✅✅-Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA)
Define Compounding - ✅✅-Diluting or combingin existing drugs
What are potential dangers of residues in animal products - ✅✅-May cause allergic reaction or
neoplasia in people, may cause the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria
List 3 classes of drug interactions - ✅✅-Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmaceutic
Drug interaction can be anticipated when two drugs are given that are both metabolized by
the - ✅✅-Liver
, Define: Ethical Product - ✅✅-one sold only through veterinarians as a policy of the
manufacturer rather than by FDA requirement
Once a drug has been biotransformed, it is called a - ✅✅-Metabolite
A reason to use a drug is a(n) - ✅✅-Indication
Diagnostic method of choosing a drug is based on all of the following except
a. Practical experience
b. Assesment of the patient
c. Obtaining a history
d. Performing lab tests - ✅✅-A. Practical experience.
Define: extralabel - ✅✅-Using a drug in a way not specified by the label
Complex sequence of events that occurs after a drug is administered is called -
✅✅-Pharmacokinetics
Parenteral drugs are administered - ✅✅-by injections.
The body's ability to change a drug chemically from the form in which it was administered into a
form that can be eliminated from the body is called - ✅✅-Metabolism (biotransformation)
Degree to which a drug produces its desired response in a patient is called -
✅✅-efficacy
An adverse drug reaction is always life-threatening. T/F? - ✅✅-False
List the six practices recommended by the AVMA for the safe disposal of unwanted drugs. -
✅✅-1.Incinerate when possible
2. Send to landfill when incinerated
3. Never flush down drain or toilet
4. Maintain close inventory control
5. Follow state and federal guidelines
6. Educate clients on proper disposal techniques.
Name 4 common Drug Preparations - ✅✅-Drugs for oral administration, drugs for parenteral
administration, drugs for inhalation, and drugs for topical inhalations.
Boluses are used in the treatment of - ✅✅-Large animals with a balling gun
name two types of parenteral injection forms - ✅✅-injections, implants.
