D265 ACTUAL STUDY GUIDE TEST PAPER
2026 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
⩥ Did the company really close that deal? It has had a great year. Where
is the president right now? Let's go ask whether the deal was closed.
In the above paragraph, which sentence expresses a proposition?
- Where is the president right now?
- Did the company really close that deal?
- Let's go ask whether the deal was closed.
- It has had a great year. Answer: It has had a great year.
⩥ Propositions Answer: Statements that can be true or false.
⩥ Non-propositions Answer: Sentences that are not statements about
matters of fact (or fiction). They do not make a claim that can be true or
false.
⩥ Which sentence expresses a complex proposition?
,- Birthday parties can be really fun.
- The cat ate the food, but did not like it.
- Too many employees are used to high-stress work environments in the
United States.
- Why did the monkey escape, and who is responsible? Answer: The cat
ate the food, but did not like it.
⩥ If the computer is not fixed, then the company either needs to buy a
new one or will not be able to keep up productivity.
Which of the following breaks down the complex proposition above into
the simple propositions?
- If the computer is not fixed, then the company needs to buy a new one.
The company will not be able to keep up productivity.
- The computer is not fixed. The company needs to buy a new computer.
The company will not be able to keep up productivity.
- The computer is not fixed. The company either needs to buy a new one
or will not be able to keep up productivity.
- The company does not have enough computers. Answer: The computer
is not fixed. The company needs to buy a new computer. The company
will not be able to keep up productivity.
⩥ Simple propositions Answer: Simple propositions have no internal
logical structure, meaning whether they are true or false does not depend
,on whether part of them is true or false. They are simply true or false on
their own.
⩥ Complex propositions Answer: Complex propositions have internal
logical structure, meaning they are composed of simple propositions.
Whether they are true or false depends on whether their parts are true or
false.
⩥ If the new employee wants to succeed, then they need to show up on
time. How many times have we heard the manager complain about
tardiness? Nobody likes a 7 a.m. start time, but it was in the job
description. We should remind the new employee how important this is.
Which is a simple proposition that is expressed in the above paragraph?
- The new employee wants to succeed.
- How many times have we heard the manager complain about
tardiness?
- The employees look out for each other.
- If the new employee wants to succeed, then they need to show up on
time. Answer: The new employee wants to succeed.
⩥ The U.S. healthcare system is difficult to navigate, and this negatively
affects many of us. Many people are unsure exactly how their health
insurance coverage works and are not sure where they can go to get care.
, What can be done to improve this? If changes are not made soon, the
problem will only get worse.
Which is a simple proposition that is expressed in the above paragraph?
- Many people are not sure where they can go to get care.
- The U.S. healthcare system is difficult to navigate, and this negatively
affects many of us.
- What can be done to improve this?
- Many people are unsure exactly how their health insurance coverage
works and are not sure where they can go to get care. Answer: Many
people are not sure where they can go to get care.
⩥ Bad inferential structure Answer: Every argument with the same
structure as this argument is bad (invalid or weak). The premises do not,
in fact, demonstrate or maybe even support the conclusion. In other
words, we can accept the premises as true without being compelled to
accept the conclusion. There is something wrong with this argument's
general structure.
⩥ False premise Answer: This particular argument has a
premise/assumption that is false. There is something wrong with this
argument's particular content.
⩥ Conclusion Indicators Answer: Therefore, so, it follows that, hence,
thus, entails that, we may conclude that, implies that, wherefore, as a
result
2026 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
⩥ Did the company really close that deal? It has had a great year. Where
is the president right now? Let's go ask whether the deal was closed.
In the above paragraph, which sentence expresses a proposition?
- Where is the president right now?
- Did the company really close that deal?
- Let's go ask whether the deal was closed.
- It has had a great year. Answer: It has had a great year.
⩥ Propositions Answer: Statements that can be true or false.
⩥ Non-propositions Answer: Sentences that are not statements about
matters of fact (or fiction). They do not make a claim that can be true or
false.
⩥ Which sentence expresses a complex proposition?
,- Birthday parties can be really fun.
- The cat ate the food, but did not like it.
- Too many employees are used to high-stress work environments in the
United States.
- Why did the monkey escape, and who is responsible? Answer: The cat
ate the food, but did not like it.
⩥ If the computer is not fixed, then the company either needs to buy a
new one or will not be able to keep up productivity.
Which of the following breaks down the complex proposition above into
the simple propositions?
- If the computer is not fixed, then the company needs to buy a new one.
The company will not be able to keep up productivity.
- The computer is not fixed. The company needs to buy a new computer.
The company will not be able to keep up productivity.
- The computer is not fixed. The company either needs to buy a new one
or will not be able to keep up productivity.
- The company does not have enough computers. Answer: The computer
is not fixed. The company needs to buy a new computer. The company
will not be able to keep up productivity.
⩥ Simple propositions Answer: Simple propositions have no internal
logical structure, meaning whether they are true or false does not depend
,on whether part of them is true or false. They are simply true or false on
their own.
⩥ Complex propositions Answer: Complex propositions have internal
logical structure, meaning they are composed of simple propositions.
Whether they are true or false depends on whether their parts are true or
false.
⩥ If the new employee wants to succeed, then they need to show up on
time. How many times have we heard the manager complain about
tardiness? Nobody likes a 7 a.m. start time, but it was in the job
description. We should remind the new employee how important this is.
Which is a simple proposition that is expressed in the above paragraph?
- The new employee wants to succeed.
- How many times have we heard the manager complain about
tardiness?
- The employees look out for each other.
- If the new employee wants to succeed, then they need to show up on
time. Answer: The new employee wants to succeed.
⩥ The U.S. healthcare system is difficult to navigate, and this negatively
affects many of us. Many people are unsure exactly how their health
insurance coverage works and are not sure where they can go to get care.
, What can be done to improve this? If changes are not made soon, the
problem will only get worse.
Which is a simple proposition that is expressed in the above paragraph?
- Many people are not sure where they can go to get care.
- The U.S. healthcare system is difficult to navigate, and this negatively
affects many of us.
- What can be done to improve this?
- Many people are unsure exactly how their health insurance coverage
works and are not sure where they can go to get care. Answer: Many
people are not sure where they can go to get care.
⩥ Bad inferential structure Answer: Every argument with the same
structure as this argument is bad (invalid or weak). The premises do not,
in fact, demonstrate or maybe even support the conclusion. In other
words, we can accept the premises as true without being compelled to
accept the conclusion. There is something wrong with this argument's
general structure.
⩥ False premise Answer: This particular argument has a
premise/assumption that is false. There is something wrong with this
argument's particular content.
⩥ Conclusion Indicators Answer: Therefore, so, it follows that, hence,
thus, entails that, we may conclude that, implies that, wherefore, as a
result
