D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY E EXAM PREP 2026
TESTED QUESTIONS WITH RATIONALE
◉ Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. Answer:
Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities
◉ How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities?
Answer: Alterations of DNA
◉ Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions
affect wellbeing. Answer: (ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause
n/v or dysrhythmias.
◉ Explain RAAS Answer: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
> produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II >
vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium
and water > Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure
maintained.
◉ DKA Answer: increased anion gap, decreased HCO3
,◉ How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis Answer: retain H and
excrete HCO3
◉ Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte?
Answer: Potassium
◉ West Nile Virus Answer: Transmitted through the bite of an
infected mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache
and stiff neck
◉ Lyme disease Answer: Tick-borne disease caused by the
spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
◉ Erythema infectiosum Answer: a febrile upper respiratory illness
in a child followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks,
"fifth disease"
◉ Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with _____.
Answer: Spina bifida
◉ Trousseau's sign Answer: arm/carpal spasm associated with
hypocalcemia
, ◉ Cause and sign of spina bifida Answer: results from failure of
neural tube to close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back.
◉ hemophilia is more common in Answer: males
◉ Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes Answer: ND-PAE, decreased
brain function, FAS
◉ Connective vs muscle tissue disorders Answer: Connective- RA,
Scleroderma, Lupus
Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia
◉ Describe Lupus Answer: Inflammatory disorder characterized by
joint pain and butterfly rash
◉ Describe Myasthenia Gravis Answer: It is an autoimmune disorder
where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of
skeletal muscles over the course of the day, along with ptosis, double
vision, and difficulty swallowing.
◉ dermatitis Answer: inflammation of the skin
◉ eczema Answer: noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease
characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching
TESTED QUESTIONS WITH RATIONALE
◉ Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. Answer:
Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities
◉ How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities?
Answer: Alterations of DNA
◉ Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions
affect wellbeing. Answer: (ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause
n/v or dysrhythmias.
◉ Explain RAAS Answer: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
> produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II >
vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium
and water > Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure
maintained.
◉ DKA Answer: increased anion gap, decreased HCO3
,◉ How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis Answer: retain H and
excrete HCO3
◉ Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte?
Answer: Potassium
◉ West Nile Virus Answer: Transmitted through the bite of an
infected mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache
and stiff neck
◉ Lyme disease Answer: Tick-borne disease caused by the
spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
◉ Erythema infectiosum Answer: a febrile upper respiratory illness
in a child followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks,
"fifth disease"
◉ Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with _____.
Answer: Spina bifida
◉ Trousseau's sign Answer: arm/carpal spasm associated with
hypocalcemia
, ◉ Cause and sign of spina bifida Answer: results from failure of
neural tube to close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back.
◉ hemophilia is more common in Answer: males
◉ Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes Answer: ND-PAE, decreased
brain function, FAS
◉ Connective vs muscle tissue disorders Answer: Connective- RA,
Scleroderma, Lupus
Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia
◉ Describe Lupus Answer: Inflammatory disorder characterized by
joint pain and butterfly rash
◉ Describe Myasthenia Gravis Answer: It is an autoimmune disorder
where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of
skeletal muscles over the course of the day, along with ptosis, double
vision, and difficulty swallowing.
◉ dermatitis Answer: inflammation of the skin
◉ eczema Answer: noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease
characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching
