# NR 507 / NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology
## Midterm Practice Exam (Original Questions) – 2026/2027
### Important Notice
This set includes:
* 220+ advanced multiple-choice questions
* Correct answers
* Detailed rationales
* System-based pathophysiology coverage
---
# Questions 1–220
## Cellular Injury & Adaptation
1. Cellular adaptation to persistent increased workload is most likely to result in:
A. Necrosis
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
,Answer: C
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased demand.
2. A reduction in cell size due to decreased workload is called:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Atrophy reflects decreased functional demand or nutrition.
3. Metaplasia is best defined as:
A. Irreversible cell death
B. Change from one mature cell type to another
C. Increased cell number
D. Genetic mutation
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is adaptive but may predispose to malignancy.
4. Dysplasia is characterized by:
A. Normal maturation
B. Disordered cell growth and differentiation
C. Cell shrinkage
D. Tissue necrosis
,Answer: B
Rationale: Dysplasia indicates pre-cancerous changes.
5. Necrosis differs from apoptosis because necrosis is:
A. Programmed
B. Energy-dependent
C. Uncontrolled cell death causing inflammation
D. Always reversible
Answer: C
Rationale: Necrosis triggers inflammatory response.
6. Apoptosis is best described as:
A. Random cell rupture
B. Programmed cell death
C. Infectious cell death
D. Ischemic rupture
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is regulated and non-inflammatory.
7. Ischemia causes cellular injury primarily due to:
A. Excess oxygen
B. Loss of oxygen and nutrient supply
C. Hormonal imbalance
, D. Genetic mutation
Answer: B
Rationale: Reduced perfusion impairs ATP production.
8. Reversible cell injury is characterized by:
A. Membrane rupture
B. Mitochondrial swelling
C. Nuclear fragmentation
D. Complete necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Early ATP depletion causes swelling.
9. Irreversible cell injury is marked by:
A. Mild swelling
B. Membrane disruption and nuclear breakdown
C. Increased ATP
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Structural damage cannot be repaired.
10. Free radicals damage cells by:
A. Increasing ATP
B. Lipid peroxidation of membranes
## Midterm Practice Exam (Original Questions) – 2026/2027
### Important Notice
This set includes:
* 220+ advanced multiple-choice questions
* Correct answers
* Detailed rationales
* System-based pathophysiology coverage
---
# Questions 1–220
## Cellular Injury & Adaptation
1. Cellular adaptation to persistent increased workload is most likely to result in:
A. Necrosis
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
,Answer: C
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased demand.
2. A reduction in cell size due to decreased workload is called:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Atrophy reflects decreased functional demand or nutrition.
3. Metaplasia is best defined as:
A. Irreversible cell death
B. Change from one mature cell type to another
C. Increased cell number
D. Genetic mutation
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is adaptive but may predispose to malignancy.
4. Dysplasia is characterized by:
A. Normal maturation
B. Disordered cell growth and differentiation
C. Cell shrinkage
D. Tissue necrosis
,Answer: B
Rationale: Dysplasia indicates pre-cancerous changes.
5. Necrosis differs from apoptosis because necrosis is:
A. Programmed
B. Energy-dependent
C. Uncontrolled cell death causing inflammation
D. Always reversible
Answer: C
Rationale: Necrosis triggers inflammatory response.
6. Apoptosis is best described as:
A. Random cell rupture
B. Programmed cell death
C. Infectious cell death
D. Ischemic rupture
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is regulated and non-inflammatory.
7. Ischemia causes cellular injury primarily due to:
A. Excess oxygen
B. Loss of oxygen and nutrient supply
C. Hormonal imbalance
, D. Genetic mutation
Answer: B
Rationale: Reduced perfusion impairs ATP production.
8. Reversible cell injury is characterized by:
A. Membrane rupture
B. Mitochondrial swelling
C. Nuclear fragmentation
D. Complete necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Early ATP depletion causes swelling.
9. Irreversible cell injury is marked by:
A. Mild swelling
B. Membrane disruption and nuclear breakdown
C. Increased ATP
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Structural damage cannot be repaired.
10. Free radicals damage cells by:
A. Increasing ATP
B. Lipid peroxidation of membranes
